The Anglish Moot
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It has been put forth that this leaf be oned with Old English tung.
  • This may inhold oning lead-ins, edsighting blocks, and making new blocks.


Old nordish about 900

This is the alongsideward spread of Old Northmannish and kin tungs in the early 10th hundredyear. The red ground is the spread of the speech Old West Northmannish; the yellowred ground is the spread of the speech Old East Northmannish. The pink ground is Old Gutnish and the green ground is the spread of the other teutonish tungs with which Old Northmannish still kept some evenway understanding.

Old English or Engelsaxish (Old English: Englisc), also known in New English as Anglo-Saxon, is the shape of the English tung spoken in England between the 5th hundredyear and the 12th hundredyear. It is a West Theedish tung, more narrowly an Ingweonish or North Sea Teutonish tung, like Old Frish and Old Saxish. It is also akin to Old Northmannish (and therefore New Icelandish), although less nearly akin, as these are North Theedish tungs.

Timeline[]

Beginning and growth[]

Old English was born of the sundry Teutonish speechkinds brought over from northern Europe. Old English did not belive the same throughout the 700 or so years it was spoken (see timeline of the Engle-Saxish incoming and takeover of Britain) from the Engle-Saxish incomings that shope England in the 5th yearhundred to some time after the Norman infaring in 1066 RE, when the tongue underwent a great and startling overhaul. Throughout these early times it took some of its hue and makeup from other leids that it came upon, such as the Welsh tongues and the two Old Northmannish bytongues, spoken by the Vikings who were coming into, taking over, and making themselves at home in wide stretches of northern and eastern England, which became known as the Danelaw.

Teutonish birth[]

The thing bearing most weightily on the ongoing Old English overhaul was its Teutonish wordstock, word-string makeup and stavecraft which it shared with its speechkin on the europish mainland. Some of the tongue’s hallmarks were found only in West Teutonish kindred tongues to which Old English belongs, while some things were bequests from the Old-Teutonish tongue from which all Teutonish tongues are believed to have astreamed from.

Like other West Teutonish tongues at the time Old English was fully word-bending with five abyings: the nemmeningly (nemnigendlīc), wrayingly (wrēgendlīc), streeningly (gestrȳnedlīc), foryeavingly (forgifendlīc), and atbraidingly (ætbregdendlīc), which had not only endings giving onefold and morefold in atell, but also an ending giving twifold in atell. Old English also gave kin to all namewords, such as those that stand for lifeless things; as seo sunne (the Sun) was wifely, while se mona (The Moon) was werely. (see nowaday German: die sonne against der Mond)

Borrowings and loanwords from Leeden[]

A great many from those who could read (mostly monks and churchmen) knew well, or at least knew some, Leeden, the binding tongue of forflung, learned lede in Europe at that time. Sometimes one can give an about-time or even the year for a Leeden word's incoming into Old English from the luide-shifts it had undergone. There were at least three timespans that Leeden’s sway upon Old English outstands. The first happened when the Saxen were still in their homeland on the Europish mainland before they left to go to England. The second began when the Engle-Saxen took up Christen belief and churchmen speaking Leeden became rife throughout England. The third and by far the greatest word borrowing staddled on Leeden, happened after the Norman Infaring in 1066 AJ, when a great tell came into the tongue. Mostly “Oyl” words from mainstream Leeden, although a weighty stock from Northmannish also came into the tongue, often hiding under a Norman hame. The Norman's coming marks the beginning of Old English's end and Middle English's birth.

The tongue was also otherwise ashapen by the withtrending from and forletting of the Rownish staffrow, or staffhoard (also known as the futhorc) and taking on instead the Leeden staffrow, Old English words were spelt as they were stevened; bookstaves not stevened in today’s English, such as the “k” in “knight”, were stevened in Old English. Thus the outspeaking of the hard “c-” in cniht, the Old English word for "knight". Another thing spelling words as they were stevened was to make the tongue's spelling fickle -- with a word's spelling often showing a lot about the writer's by-leid, its luide-set and luide-lore, and his shire. Often the spelling of a word would sunder from writer to writer, and even from work to work by the same writer. Thus it could happen that the word “and” could be spelt either and or ond.

Old English spelling therefore was thought to be more "bewildering" than modern English spelling, although it can at least be said that it put forth many its louds truly, while today's English spelling often cannot. Mostly today's those learning Old English begin by learning its set ways of spelling words and are only let go on to learn its spelling’s unset ways after they have mastered the tongue’s loudlore.

Old Northmannish and Viking sway[]

The other great loanword wellspring flowing into Old English was Scandinavish words brought in at the time the Viking were harrying the land and its dwellers in the ninth and tenth hundred years. Also, other than the great many steadnames, these words were the things used in every-day life, and words about the ways and sway of Danelaw (that is, the Viking folk strongholds, which took in wide and broad holdings all along England and Scotland's eeastern shoreline). The Vikings spoke Old Northmannish, a tongue kindred to Old English in that both sprung from the same forbearing old Teutonish tongue. It is often so, that the nearby dwelling of speakers of unsame by-leids, such as that which happens at times of mootish unrest, sees the birth of a knitted tongue, and one belief holds that this kind of leidish coming together of Old Northmannish and Old English helped the speeding-up of the falling off of stavecraft endings in Old English. Seemingly this belief stands firm, as the shedding of many of the tongues’ name and forname word endings happened firstly in the North, and then much later in the Southwest, the landship farthest away from Viking sway. Looking beyond the truth or otherwise of this belief, Old Northmannish's sway on the English tongue has been deep and ongoing: giving such everyday words as sky, leg and the for-nameword they, amongst hundreds more.

Welsh sway[]

It has long been held that the Welsh tongues' sway on English has been small, setting out the small number of Welsh loanwords found in the tongue. And it is true that Welsh loanwords seem to rime far less than those from either Leeden or Old Northmannish.

Since the 1980s years, a growing number of writers, amongst them Hildegard Tristan, have strongly held the belief that the bearing that the Welsh tongues have had upon English has been underplayed. Latterly Welsh beginnings have been put forth for more and more English byleid words. Tristan, Theo Venneman and others have put forth the belief that one can clearly see Welsh hallmarks in English wordsetting in the early times of Middle English.

Byleids[]

To further inravel things, Old English had many byleids. The four main Old English bytongues were Markish, Northumbrish (known altogether as Anglish), Kentish and West Saxish. Each of these by-leids was tied closely to a standalone kingdom on the iland. Of these, and all of Northumber and most of Markrich were overrun by the Vikings throughout the 9th hundredyear. The steads of Markrich and all of Kent not overrun by the Vikings became welded with Wessex.

After the welding of these sundry Engle-Saxish kingdoms in 878AJ by Alfred the Great, there is a marked falling away of other by-leids, This is not to say that they stopped being spoken; they are being spoken even to this day, as witnessed by the being of middle English byleids; and the now [[English By-leids]] later on, and in that a folk do not readily turn to other speech ways and sounds when there is only a sudden shift of mootish might.

However, most deeds we have today from Engle-Saxish times are written in the Wessex byleid, Alfred’s kingdom. It seems likely that with the bringing together of the Engle-Saxish kingdoms into one, there was a need for the taking up of one tongue to lesser the awkwardness of having sway over folks living in the outlying steads of the kingdom. The outcome was that folk-steering deeds were written in the West Saxish byleid. Not only this, but Alfred felt deeply about the bearing and spread of his mother tongue and brought many writers to his kingdom from Markrich so that much, that things not then yet put into writing, could be done so. Likewise this turned out well for the Church, moreso since Alfred took steps to overbring in English holy books and deeds. And so as to keep his backing and, for the widest spread of overbrought works, the monks and churchmen working for Alfred always followed the step of writing in his tongue. Alfred himself seems to have overbrought from Leeden into English many Church works, one such being the well known work, “Care of Souls” written by the then Head of the Roomanish Church, Gregory, the First.

After the coming together of Engle-Saxish might under Alfred’s leadership. along with the on-going threat of Viking inslaughts, there is little to show in writing of any further growth of by-leids other than the West Saxish tongue.

Writings[]

Writings in Old English, though more in number than those in the tongues of the Europish mainland before AJ 1000 are nonetheless still very small. In his add-on writ to the 1935 after-death number of Bright’s Anglo-Saxon Reader, Dr James Hulbert writes:

"In such times a great number of the writings of the Engle-Saxen were lost. Whatever they held, how weighty they were for gaining an understanding of the writings before the inslaught of the Normans, we have no way of knowing; the few deeds and lists found in minsters do not help us, and there is nothing shown even in other lasting writings...How wasted away is the body of our writings can be shown by the well known truth that, besides a few of somewhat little standing, all lasting Engle-Saxish scopery is held in four handwritten works."

Old English was one of the first home tongues to be written down. Some of the writings lasting from Old English times and still having great worth are Beowulf, a saga-like leeth; the Engle-Saxish Tale, a writing down of early English yore, and Caedmon’s church-song. There are also a number of lasting writings, such as speeches by Churchmens, tales about the lives of Christendom’s holymen, overbringings from the Bible, and works by early Church Fathers overbrought from Leeden, law deeds, such as wills and laws, and handy works on stavecraft, healcraft, and worldlore. Still scopery is thought to be the heart of Old English writings. Although nearly all Engle-Saxish writers are nameless, foremostly among those named are Bede and Caedmon.

The last work to be written in the tongue was the English Yearbook. The tongue slowly became what is known as Middle English.

Wordendbird[]

While Old English wordendbird was often Doerword-Deedword-Nimword, the tongue's speechcraftly abyings made it so that the wordendbird was not all too set in stone. Thanks to the sway of Old Northmannish, wordendbird for frains was Deedword-Doerword-Nimword. New English, on the other hand, has a set wordendbird.

Bookcraft[]

The most widely known work is Beowulf, of which the following is a slice.

First Beowulf:

(1) Hwæt! wē Gār-Dena in ġeār-dagum,

(2) þēod-cyninga, þrym ġefrūnon,

(3) hū ðā æþelingas ellen fremedon.


Wending:

(1) What! We of Spear-Danes in days of yore,

(2) of theed-kings their wulder did fraign,

(3) how those athelmen did upfurthered ellen.


Another show is the Old English wending of the Our Father (aka Lord's Bead)

First Old English Our Father:

[1] Fæder ūre þū þe eart on heofonum,

[2] Sī þīn nama ġehālgod.

[3] Tōbecume þīn rīċe,

[4] ġewurþe ðīn willa, on eorðan swā swā on heofonum.

[5] Ūrne ġedæġhwāmlīcan hlāf syle ūs tō dæġ,

[6] and forgyf ūs ūre gyltas, swā swā wē forgyfað ūrum gyltendum.

[7] And ne ġelǣd þū ūs on costnunge, ac ālȳs ūs of yfele.

[8] Sōþlīċe.


New English Wending:

[1] Our Father, Thou that art in heaven,

[2] Thy Name be hallowed.

[3] Let Thy kingdom come,

[4] Bewerthe Thy will, on earth even as in heaven.

[5] Our daily-wanted loaf/bread sell (give) us today,

[6] and forgive us our guilts, even as we have forgiven our guilters.

[7] And lead Thou us not into costening, but allay us of evil.

[8] Soothly.

Links to leaves about tungs (adight)
Kin of tungs Tungs
Ind-Europish tungs
Theedish tungs North Theedish tungs: Faroish - Norish - Icelandish (High Icelandish) - Old Norse - Old Gutnish - South Jutish - Danish - Swedish - Gutnish (moot) - Elfdalish (moot) - Norn tung (dead)
West Theedish tungs:
Weser-Rhine Theedish tungs: Old Low Frankish - Netherlandish - Highsunlandish tung - Zeelandish - Flemish (moot)
Elbe Theedish tungs: Old High Theech - Theech tung - Allmenish - Bairish - Wymysorys tung - Lombardish (dead) - Littleburgish - Yiddish - Ripuarish
North Sea Theedish tungs: Saxish (Old Saxish - Middle Low Saxish - Low Saxish) | English (Old English - Middle English - Latterday English - Anglish (moot) - Lowland Scottish - Northumberish tung (moot) Cumberish tung (moot) - Yola) | Friesish (Old Friesish - Western Friesish - Northern Friesish - Saterland Friesish)

East Theedish tungs (dead): Gottish tung - Wendish tung - Burgundish tung

Celtish tungs Mainland Celtish tungs (dead): Galatish - Gaulish - Celtiberish - Gallaicish - Lepontish - East Celtish tung
Gelish tungs: Irish - Scottish Gelish - Manx tung
Brythonish tungs: Cornish - Welsh - Breton tung
Other: Shelta
Balt-Windish tungs Windish tungs:
East Windish tungs: Russish - Ukrainish - White Russish -Russinish
West Windish tungs: Slesish - Polish - Bohemish (a.k.a. Checkish) - Slovakish - Kashubish - West Pomeranish (dead) - Polabish/Onelbish (dead) - Upper Sorbish - Lower Sorbish
South Windish tungs: Serb-Croatish (Serbish - Blackbarrowish - Bosnish - Croatish) - Bulgarish - Macedonish - Slovenish

Baltish tungs:
Eastern Baltish tungs: Lettish - Latgalish (moot) - Lithuish - Samogitish (moot) - Selonish (dead) - Zemgalish (dead) - Courlandish (dead)
Western Baltish tungs (dead): Old Prussish - Sudovish - Western Galindish - Skalvish?
Eastern Galindish (dead)
Italish tungs Sabellish tungs (dead): Umbrish - Osckish - Volscish - Sabinish? - South Picenish - Marsish - Fore-Samnitish


Latish-Faliscish tungs (dead):
Latish (Folklatish) - Faliscish
Romanish tungs: Italish-Western tungs:
Italish-Dalmatish: Istriotish tung - Tuscish - Venetish - Sassarish - Sicilish - Italish
Western-Romanish tungs: Gallish-Romanish (Old French - Middle French - Latterday French - Wallonish - Normandish (Angle-Normandish) - Burgundish tung (Romanish) - Savoyardish - Occitanish - Catalandish - Lombardish) - Ligurish - Foothillish - Emilianish | Iberish-Romanish tungs (Spanish - Mirandish - Portugalish - Sephardish)
Eastern-Romanish tungs: Romeenish - Aromeenish - Meglenitish - Istro-Romeenish (deathbound)
Sardinish

Hellenish tungs Greekish - Tsakonish - Yevanish
Ind-Iranish tungs Ind-Aryish: (Hindlandish offshoots: Hindish - Urdu tung) - Punjabish - Sindhish - Mean Rajasthanish - Gujaratish - Romani tungs - Kashmirish - Nepalish - Chhattisgarhish - Bhojpurish - Maithili tung - Odia tung - Bengalish - Assamish - Marathi tung - Singhalish - Maldivish


Iranish: Persish - Kurdish tungs - Old Persish (dead) - Medish (dead) - Old Azerish - Parthish - Balochi tung - Gilanish - Mazanderani tung - Gorganish (dead) - Semnanish - Sangsarish - Lasgerdi tung - Sorkhei tung - Zaza tung - Gorani tung - Talysh tung - Gozarkhani tung - Karinganish - Tatish - Southern Bashkardi tung - Garmsiri tung - Sivandi tung - Gazi tung - Kumzari tung - Larestanish - Lurish - Kuhmareyi tung - Pashtunish - Bactrish (dead) - Khwarezmish (dead) - Sogdish (dead) - Wakhi tung - Munjanish - Yidgha tung - Ormuri tung - Parachi tung - Yaghnobish - Ossetish - Old Avestish (dead) - Younger Avestish (dead)
Nuristanish tungs: Kamkata-vari tung - Wasi-wari tung - Ashkunish - Waigalish - Tregamish - Zemyaki tung (deathbound)

Anatolish tungs Hettitish - Palaish Luvish - Lykish - Milyish - Carish - Sidetish - Pisidish - Lydish
Other Ind-Europish Albanish - Armenish - Thracish (dead) - Dacish (dead) - Lusitanish (dead) - Illyrish (dead) - Messapish (dead) - Frygish (dead) - Paionish (dead) - Mysish (dead) - Liburnish (dead) - Cimmerish (dead) - Sicelish? (dead)
Afrosunriselandish tungs
Semitish tungs Amharish - Arabish - Aramaish - Hebrew - Assyrish
Uralish tungs
Balt-Fennish Estish - Finnish - Sami tungs - Livonish (deathbound) - Karelish - Vepsish - Ludish (moot) - Votish (deathbound) - Izhorish (deathbound)
Ugrish? Ungarish - Chantish - Mansish
Turkish tungs
Oghuz Mickleyard Turkish - Azerish - Turkmen tung
Karluk Uzbek tung - Uyghur tung
Khalaj Khalaj tung
Oghur Chuvash tung - Hunnish tung? (dead) - Avar tung? (dead)
Siberish Sakha tung - Tuvish tung - Khakas tung - Chulym tung
Kipchak Kazakh tung - Kyrgyz tung - Tatar tung - Krimlandish Tatar tung
Japonish tungs
Japanish tung - Ryukyu tungs (moot)
Mongolish tungs
Khalkha tung - Buryat tung
Southialandish tungs
Philippine Philipslandish - Yami tung - Ivatan tung
Malayish Malay tung - Indonesish tung - Mualang tung
Polynesish Tongish - Samoish - Marquesish - Firelandish - Tahitish - Maorish
Sinitish-Tibetish tungs
Sinitish Chinesish
Tibetish-Burmish Burmish - Tibetish - Dzongkha tung
Niger-Congo tungs
Swahilish - Yorubish tung - Zulu tung
Koreish tungs
Koreish - Jeju tung
Southasiatish tungs
Vietnamish
Forbinded tungs Papiamento tung
Lone tungs
Baskish - Ainu tung
Other
Cherokee tung - Canaman Folktung - Esperantish tung (crafted) - Etruscish tung (dead) - Folkspraak tung (crafted) - Greenlandish tung - Toki Pona Tung (crafted) - Volapuk (crafted)
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