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< English Wordbook

Staff R of the English Wordbook.

Basic abbreviations: att'd=attested, OE=Old English, NHG=New High German, Du.=Dutch

For a full list of etymological and other abbreviations used in these wordlists, see Forshortenings.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z


formight (cf. Du. verkrachten)

English Word
Class
Anglish
Attested Not attested
rabbit n - homehare, rob (<Flem. or M.Du. robbe "rabbit")
race n kind, stock strind
raccoon n - washbear (cf. Norw. vaskebjørn)
radar n forereader, far reader -
radiant adj shiny, bright, beaming, glowing throughbright (<OE þurhbeorht)
radiate vb shine, glow -
radio adj & n wireless (gadget) livebox
radiotelegraphy n broadcasting -
radius n - spoke, spokelength, spokespan, staffreach, halfspan
rage n wrath greme (<OE gremian)
railroad n - ironroad
range n reach, stretch -
ranger n upseer (cf NHG aufseher)
rancid adj rotting, reeking, smelly, stale, foul, dank, rank, taff
random adj/n - willcury (calque of Du. willekeurig, with the element "-cury" based on OE -cyrge in wælcyrge "Valkyrie")

See The word "random". weirdshape, ranhood

rank n - hoad (<OE hád)
rankle vb gall, irk
rape vb & n - needheem, thrakeheem, reave, rove, befoul, gainswive, plunder, mightswive, dintswive
rapid adj fast, quick, speedy, swift snell
rappel vb abseil -
rare adj seldly, seldom, seldseen, unlikely, fewsome -
rarely adv seldom -
rarified adj fewsome, thin -
rarify vb - selden, befew, bedearth, thin
rarity n seldiness,seldomhood, dearth, fewness -
raspberry n - hindberry (obs. ; cf. NHG Himbeere, Dn. hindbær)
rational adj - rightwise (<OE rihtwís)

shedwise (<OE scéadwís)

rationalism n - witdom, wittroth, fathomdom, fornufttroth (cf. of NHG Vernunftglaube)
ravage vb wreck, trash, smash, pull down overwhelm, overrun, overthrow, harry -
ravine n chine, gap, ditch, gulch, ghyll -
ray n beam streal (<OE strǽl, cf. NHG Strahl)
razor n shaver -
re- pref again-, eft-, ed-, gain- -
re- pref and- back- -
re- pref with- -
realize/realise vb acknowledge, dawn upon -
real adj sooth. (See Truth and sooth, verity and reality) -
reality n being wareness/warehood (calque from continental Germ. langs)

soothness

really adv truly sooth
realm (royal) n kingdom -
realm n world -
reason (cause) n grounds, wherefore, why frume (<OE fruma)

inthing (<OE intinga/inþing)

ontimber (<OE ontimber)

orsake (cf. NHG Ursache, Du. oorzaak, Swed. orsak)

reason (faculty) n - reðe (<OE rǣd)

anget (<OE andgiet) rake (<OE racu)

rightwiseness (<OE rihtwísnes)

shedwiseness (<OE scéadwísnes)

shed (<OE gescéad)

wit (<OE gewitt)

forstand (cf. NHG Verstand, Swed. förstånd)

fornuft (cf. NHG Vernunft, Dan. fornuft, Norw. fornuft)

reasonable adj well-grounded shedwise (<OE scéadwís)

shedly (<OE gescéadlic)

rebellion n uprising -
rebuke vb snape strife
recall vb - edcall, eftmind, call to mind, think back to, bethink
recapitulation n - eftspelling (<OE eftspellung)
receive vb get beget

onfang (<OE onfōn)

underfang (<OE underfón)

thidge (<OE thicgan)

recently adv lately, newly shortago
recital n reading, singshow, yarn -
recline vb lie back, lie down, stretch heel -
recognise vb acknowledge onget (<OE ongietan)

yeme, gainknow, acknow

recommend vb - onbefeal (cf. Du. aanbevelen, NHG empfehlen, Dan. anbefale)

befeal on

recompense n - gainyield
reconsideration n afterthought -
reconcile vb settle, even -
reconciliation n - eftthinging (<OE eftþingung)
record n - lorekeep
recover vb - intransitive: edworp (<OE edwyrpan)

transitive: agive [past agave, ppt agiven] (<OE agifan)

recovery n comeback, pick-up, upwend, upswing, healing edworping (<OE edwyrping), greenshoot
recreation n - eftforgiveness (<OE eftforgiefnes)
recriminate vb - blackblame
recruit vb fledgling, freshman, greenhorn, newcomer inspan
rectum n - arsepipe, arseway
recurrence n comeback, flashback -
recurrent adj on-and-off andbearing (<OE býrian 'to happen, pertain to, belong to')
redeem vb gainbuy -
redemption n - eftlesing (<OE eftlésung)
red ochre (Fe2O3) n - reddle/raddle/ruddle (<"rudd"<OE rudu)
reduce n lessen, lower -
redundance n - eftflowing (<OE eftflowung)
refer (to) vb bespeak, call -
refined adj trim, couth -
reflect vb show edleam
reflection n glance, backshine andleaming
reform n - edhue/edhuing (see below), ameeding
reform(er) vb/n - edhue(er) (cf. OE geedhiwod "reformed, given new shape")
ameed(er)
forbetter(er) (cf. NHG Verbesserer)
refractory adj - witherhedging (<OE)
refrain vb forbear -
refridgerator n chiller, cooler -
refuge n haven, frithstead -
refugee n haven seeker -
refulgent adj shining -
refuse n chaff -
refuse vb spurn, withhold asake, gall, wern (<OE wiernan), atdeem (<OE ætdeman)
refute vb gainsay

belie

allay (<OE álecgan)

forkithe (<OE forcýðan)

onsake (<OE onsacan)

withshove (<OE wiþscúfan)

witherlay (cf. NHG widerlegen)

regard vb look at
set down
-
regarding prep about -
regenerate adj freshen edquick (<OE edcwic)
regicide n - kingslaughter, kingslaying, kingmurder
regime n yoke, rike -
regiment n - fight(ing)thede
region n landship -
regret vb rue -
regular adj everyday reghelish
regulate(tion) vb/n wield(ing) -
reign n kingship, queenship rede, athelingship
reinforce vb strengthen, trim, gird, bolster, harden up, uphold, make firm, underset -
reject vb shun, spurn forwarp [past forworp, ppt forworpen] (<OE forweorpan, cf. NHG verwerfen)

lean (sth/sb) off (separable)

awayen

withchoose (<OE wiþceosan)

rejuvinate vb - edyoung
relapse vb backslide -
relate phr vb to belong to, bear upon, stand with, link with, tie in with, tell of, bring word of, deal with, give tidings of, write of, make known, set out, unfold, be akin to cithe (<OE cythan)
related adj akin (to), kindred, sibbed to, tosameness forwent (cf. NHG verwandt)
relative(s) n kin, kindred, kinfolk, kinsmen, kinship, sib, sibling, bysib, own flesh & blood blood-bondling, bloodsib
relations n dealings, bond, link up, hook up, tie up, fellowship -
relationship n kinship maithhood (<OE mǽgðhád)

forwentship (cf. NHG Verwandtschaft)

relax vb rest, loosen up, slacken, chill out, unwind -
relaxation n - eftforgiveness (<OE eftforgiefnes)

stillness (<OE stillnes/stilnes)

unspan (< OE spannen)

relaxation (dressage) n - looselettenhood (cf. NHG Losgelassenheit)
relaxed adj smooth, loose, mellow -
release n outlung, loosing -
release vb let go, loose alease
reliable adj trustworthy -
relieve n lighten, soothe, unburden, allay, still (the fears), salve -
religion n worship lief
religious adj worshipful liefbound
relinquish vb upgive (obs. att'd), yield up, foreswear, forego

give up (Cf. NHG aufgeben, Du. opgeven, Swed. ge upp)

agive (obs. att'd, from OE agiefan, cf. NHG ergeben)
reluctant adj chary (att'd), unwilling, loath pullbackish
remain vb -

blive (<OE belifan, cf. NHG bleiben, Du. blijven) bide, linger

remainder n - lave
remains n ashes, body, dead body, lich, bones; leftovers, leavings, scraps, waste, sweepings, dust; afterglow -
remedy n heelth, salve, boot (etymology 3 ) -
remember (recall) vb - edcall, amon (<OE ġemunan), mind back, call to mind, bethink

umbethink (<dialectal North & Scots English)

remember (store memory) vb stockmind, bear in mind, keep in mind -
remember (memorise) vb - inmind
remind vb - eftmind
reminder n - eftminding, umbethinking (dialectal North & Scots English)
reminisce vb - eftmind
remnant n leftover -
remote adj outlying -
remove vb foredo (with immaterial object), outtake, take out, astir, stir, draw, unsheath edshrithe
renaissance n - gainbirth, newbirth, edbirth, widderbirth, witherbirth
renal adj kidney -
render vb make, give, forswear, yield -
renew(al/ed) vb/n/adj - ednew(ing) (<OE edniwian)
renounce vb give up, forsake, yield, asake, offgive, say down (seperable) offsib (<Ic. af-sifja)
renovate(tion) vb/n do up ednew(ing) (<OE edniwian/edniwung)
reorganization n - ed-/eftshiplay (ed-/eft- <OE + calque of Ic. skipulag)
reorganize vb - ed-/eftshiplay (ed-/eft- <OE + calque of Ic. skipuleggja)
repartee n wit, banter -
repeat vb - edsay, edledge (<OE edlǽcan)
repel vb ward off, put off, withdrive -
repent vb forthink (cited by William Tyndale), be sorry, wit one's wrongdoing, berue after-think (Lancashire dialect)
repercussions vb - kickback
repetition n - edledging (<OE edlǽcung), gainsaylyth, gaindolyth, dailiness (monotonous), witherhauling (cf. German "Wiederholung")
replace vb - edstowe, right (<OE rihtan)
replenish vb fill up edfill
reply vb answer andswear (<OE andswaru)

andword (<OE andwyrd, cf. NHG Antwort, cf. Du. antwoord)

andgain (cf. NHG entgegnen)

edfold

report n - bewriting
repose n rest -
reprehensible adj - forwarply (cf. NHG verwerflich)
represent vb - aspell, fortread (cf. NHG vertreten)
representative n - aspellend, aspeller, fortreader (cf. NHG Vertreter), spokes(wo)man, forstander
repress vb quell, crush, trample, keep under, ride roughshod over thrutch down (<OE þryccan)
reprimand vb upbraid, tell off -
reprove vb scold, upbraid, chide forwite, threep or threap (<OE þréapan)
represent vb stand for betoken
reproach vb upbraid, chide -
reptile n - creepdeer (cf Nor. krypdyr)

crawldeer (cf Swed. kräldjur)

republic n -

kinwise (<OE cynewise) leedwealth (cf. Ic. and Faroeese lýðveldi), commonwealth ("Common" is Latin), folkdom, folkrike

reputation n mark namecouth (<OE namcuþ)

goodbearing, edwite

request n call -
request vb bidding, ask, beseech, ask for -
require vb need, tharf -
requirement n need, must needbetharfness, neddtharfliness, beedbehovedness
rescribe vb write back edwrite
rescue vb free, bring off

nere (<OE ánerian, NHG nähren) redd (<OE hreddan “to save, deliver, recover, rescue”)

research n delving speering, afterspeering

forshing (cf. NHG Forschung) forshening (cf. Dan. forskning)

<PG faurskon

legwork (informal)

research vb - seek, speer, forsh
resmblance n alikeness, look, blee, bly -
resemble adj seem like, look like -
resentment n bitterness, ill-feeling hattleness
reservation n booking forebeholding (cf. NHG Vorbehaltung)
reserve vb back-up -
reserve vb book, keep berg
reserve adj spare berg (<OE beorgan 'to save, preserve')
forehold (cf. NHG vorbehalten)
reserved adj character: withdrawn
booked
-
reservoir n - waterberg
reside vb live, dwell abide, wone, erde, wick
residence n home, dwelling abode, erding, erdingstow
residence permit n - dwell-leave (= Icel. dvalarleyfi)
residue n stufflave
resign vb step down, forlet, bow out -
resilient adj wending -
resist vb withset, withstand, hinder withlay
resistance n withsetting withlaying, backlash
resolute adj doughty, steadfast, unbending stithe (<OE stith), anrede
resort vb - brook, betake
resource vb - orshaft
respect n heed edsight
respond vb answer -
response n answer, feedback -
responsible adj trustworthy, upstanding, steady, sound, answerly -
responsive adj quick, awake, sharp, open-minded, quick-minded, willing, answering -
rest (else) n - lave
restart vb - edstar, start anew (from scratch)
restaurant n cheap: beanery

mealhall guestspot (cf. NHG. Gaststätte)

restore(ation) n -

ednew(ing) (<OE edniwung) edstow(ing), edstall(ing)

restored to life pt phr - edquick (<OE edcwic)
restrain vb hold back, fetter athold
restraint n holding back, fetter -
result n outcome, outfollow, upshot, aftermath offleading (<Ic. af-leiðing)
resurrect vb gainrise (att'd Cheke) edsty (<OE stīgan)
resurrection n gainrising (att'd Cheke) -
retail vb - fordrive (cf. NHG vertreiben)
retain vb withkeep, keep athave
retaliate vb hit back, strike back, take an eye for an eye yield back, wend upon
retard n dimwit, dolt, dullard, dwease -
retard vb laten, slow, stunt -
retardation n slowing, latening -
retardation n - backwardness, beslowedness
retirement n - forleaving
retort n yieldback, wisecrack, backanswer -
retract vb take back, withdraw -
retreat vb withdraw -
retrograde adj backward -
return n homecoming, comeback, backfare, two-way gainfare (<OE geanfær)
wearveness (<OE gehwyrftnes)
gainwerve(ness) (<OE)

to someone: andgive

return vb come back edwhirve (<OE edhwirfan), edwend, andcome
reveal vb bare, unsheath yondshow, unhele, swettle
revel vb bathe, wallow, frolic -
revelry n merry-making -
revenant n - dreg (<OE dréag)
revenge vb yieldback, get back, get even with -
revere vb worship -
reverence n blessed awe -
reverie n daydream, sweven -
reverse/reversal n setback, blow -
revert vb - backtrack, edwharve
revive vb - edquick(en) (<OE edcwician)

liven through, awaken, quicken, inliven, bring to, aquick, forquick, give life to, bring back to life, edliven

revolution n - ewhirft (<OE gehwyrft), overhaul, overthrow, overthrowing, uprisin

turning: whirft (<OE hwyrft)umbewrithing

revolve vb spin umbwerve
reward n meed gainyield, afterleen (<OE æfterléan), aftergift
reward vb meed afterloan (<OE léanian), aftergive edloan (<OE edléan)
rhetoric n - redekith (cf. Du redekunde), wordcraft, mathelcraft
rhinoceros n - nosehorn (calque of Greek rhinokeros (rhinos "nose" + keras "horn")

hornpig, hornhog, hornswine

rhyme n rime -
rhythm n riff -
ridiculous adj - laughingly
rifle n - scratchgun, shattergun, shouldershooter (<OE sculdorscēota), furrowgun (<OE furhscēota)
righteous(ness) adj - rightwise(ness) (<OE rihtwís(nes))
rigid adj stiff, hard -
rigorous adj thorough -
riot n - crowdburst
risk n gamble, long shot -
risky n gamblesome unsound
river n ea (aa OED)

brook

run

waterway

stream

a small stream:riþ(the word is still to be found in North Frisian in the form ride, rie, to denote the bed of running water)

estuary: fleet (<OE fleotan) gutter: rindle (<OE rynele)

runnell: flood (<OE flod)

burn, bourn (<OE burna)

rite n - aright (<OE gerihte)

onsayedness (<OE onsægednes)

river course n flow -
rivulet n beck, brookling, stream, runnel, rith, sike -
robin n redbreast ruddock
robust adj strong, sinewy, hale, halesome, hearty, sound, doughty, fit, full-blooded, full-blooded, full-strength, hardy, healthy, mighty, red-blooded, stout, strong-willed -
rock n stone -
rocket n - rock, rocker (O.H.G. rocko "distaff," O.N. rokkr)
role n playwork, deedwork -
roll vb onspin -
roman adj - romish
romanticism n - lovecraft

storm-and-throng-troth (cf. H Du. Sturm und Drang)

rooster n cock -
rose (flower) n - loveblossom, lovebloom
rotate vb spin werve
rotund adj wheelshaped -
round adj wheelshaped trind (shaped from OE 'trinda' and NE 'trindle')
route n pathway -
royal adj kingly, cweenly -
royalty n kingship (att'd <OE cynescipe) -
rude adj unbehaved (cf. Nor. ubehøvlet, Du. onbehouwen) -
ruin vb & n wreck, mar, downfall -
rule vb lead, look over, oversee, oversee rede, hold sway
ruler n leader, overseer, baldor reder
rumour n hearsay -
rural adj outburg, fieldly lundly
rush n & vb hurry shind
Russia(n) name/n/adj - Russland(er/ish)
rustic n backwoodsman, boor, bumpkin, bushwhacker, clodhopper, churl, crofter, greenhorn, hayseed, hind, hillbilly, husbandman, plowman, redneck, share-cropper, swain, woodsman -
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