Staff C of the English Wordbook.
Basic abbreviations:
- OE = Old English
- ME = Middle English
- SC = Scots
- WF = West Frish
- NF = North Frish
- SF = Saterlandish Frish
- WLG = West Low Theech
- ELG = East Low Theech
- NL = Netherlandish
- NHG = New High Theech
- IC = Icelandish
- HIC = High Icelandish
- NO = Nornish
- SW = Swedish
- DN = Danish
- MLG = Middle Low Theech
- MNL = Middle Netherlandish
- MHG = Middle High Theech
- OF = Old Frish
- OS = Old Saxish
- OHG = Old High Theech
- ON = Old Norse
- GO = Gottish
- PWG = Or-West-Theedish
- PG = Or-Theedish
For a full list of etymological and other abbreviations used in these wordlists, see: Offshortenings.
Staffs under English Wordbook/C:
Ca Cb Cc Cd
Ce Cf Cg Ch
Ci Cj Ck Cl Cm Cn Co Cp Cq Cr Cs Ct Cu Cv
Cw Cx Cy Cz
*Note: If you click on one of the links above, and nothing happens, then that means no words have been put forth for that bookstaff as of yet.
Chancery English | Class | Anglish/English | ||
Attested | Unattested | |||
Ca[] | ||||
cabal | n | - | backroom-dealings | |
cabaret | n | club, nightspot, roadhouse, nightclub | - | |
cabbage | n | cole | - | |
cabinet | n | hutch, sideboard, locker | mugboard, hoarding office: ambight, redeship | |
cable | n | wire, rope, lead | ropewire | |
caboose | n | - | ward wain, aftwain, undershotwain | |
cacao | n | - | brownbean, muckbean | |
cache | n | hoard | putstow, bike | |
cacophony | n | rattle, roar, din | - | |
cactus | n | - | fat-thistle, mickle-prickle | |
cadaver | n | shell, framework, body, dead body slang: stiff |
boneshaft | |
cadaverous | adj | deathly, wan, bloodless, ashen, hollow-eyed | - | |
cadet | n | - | forefighter | |
cafe | n | tearoom (<note: Non-English), roadhouse; taproom, watering hole |
coffeehouse (cf. NHG Kaffeehaus), coffeeinn (cf. NHG Kaffeeschenke), brewhouse, beanbrewhouse | |
cafeteria | n | food hall, eating hall | - | |
cage | n | bower (cf. NHG Bauer, DN bur) | - | |
cajole | vb | soft-soap, sweettalk, wheedle |
- | |
cake (<ON) | n | bake | kitch/kitchel (<ME kichel), sweetbake (from Minecraft) | |
Calais | n | Cales (Cál•es, archaic, < Flemish) | - | |
calamari | n | cuttlefish | - | |
calcaneüs | n | heelbone | - | |
calcium | n | - | milkshaft, limemote | |
calcium carbonate | n | - | coalsour lime (see WF koalsoere kalk) | |
calculate | vb | reckon, work out | - | |
calculation | n | tale, reckoning | - | |
calculator | n | - | handreckoner, rimereckoner, scorer | |
calculus | n | reckoning | flowreckoning, riming, telgrinding (<OE tæl/tal 'number') | |
calendar | n | daybook | timetale | |
Calends | n | - | see Kalends | |
calisthenics | n | drills | - | |
calligraphy | n | longhand | pretty writing, litwriting | |
calligraphy pen | n | name | longhandwritingise/-iron (longhand + OE wrītungīsen, "style pen") | |
callous | adj | hardened, cold-hearted, flint-hearted, heartless, soulless, stony, stony-hearted, steely, thick-skinned, uncaring, cold, hard, as hard as nails, hard-hearted, with a heart of stone, hard-bitten, cold-blooded, ruthless | - | |
calm | adj | lown, flack, still | roolie (Eng., DN rolig, IC roleg, NHG ruhig) | |
calm | vb | lull, settle, soothe, still | beroo (cf. NHG beruhigen) | |
calumniate | vb | grime, sully, betell | forwray (<OE forwregan) | |
calque | n | loanshift, loanword, borrowing | loan oversetting (cf. NHG Lehnübersetzung) | |
calumniator | n | - | backbiter | |
calyx | n | - | bloomleaf | |
camel | n | - | olvend (<ME olfend/olvende), twohump, drylander | |
camera | n | shooter | bildfanger, bildtaker, bilthcraft(er) / bildcraft(er) | |
camouflage | n | dapple, (dappling, dappleshell, dapplehide, dappleclad, dappleteld), dazzle-painting | derning (<OE gediernan, cf. NHG Tarnung) | |
camomile | n | - | maylix | |
camp | n | - | lair (<OE), haltstead
enemies': fiendwick of an army (own): herewick | |
camping ground | n | bed ground | - | |
campaign | n | bandwagon, drive, struggle | military: axfare (<OE æxfaru), fieldtought (<NL), bandwain | |
campaign | vb | take the stump, barnstorm, run, run for, fight, warfare, struggle | - | |
campus | n | yard, loreyard, field | lorefield, bittle (<OE gebytlu) | |
canal | n | leat, ditch, waterway | - | |
cancel | v | stop, hold, end, leave, kill, scrub, scrap, break off, call off | belay (from Minecraft) | |
cancer | n | canker, growth, overgrowth, lump zodiac: Crab |
disease: deathlump, deathgrowth, Mireless Thrimfold ~ MTF (Unlimited Tissue Multiplication), crabgrowth | |
candelabrum | n | - | glimtree | |
candidate | n | hopeful, runner | - | |
candied | adj | sweetened | - | |
candle (<OE) | n | waxlight (< wax light) | - | |
candy | n | sweets | sweetiness | |
canine | adj | doggy, houndlike, doglike, doggish |
- | |
canine | n | hound, dog | - | |
cannon | n | gun, thunder gun | dunspar (contr. of dun and spear), fallbuss (cf. IC fallbyssa), gun (<ME gunne) | |
cannonball | n | thunderball | gunstone (obsolete), gun ball | |
cannibal | n | maneater | selfeater (<OE selfǣta) | |
canoe | n | dugout | slimboat | |
cantaloupe | n | - | rockmug, wintermug; netrindberry, netshellberry, netbarkberry (calque of Fin. verkkomeloni) | |
canvas | n | hemp | hempcloth | |
canyon | n | gulch, slade | - | |
capable | adj | - | fitworthy | |
capacitor | n | - | bearer (oversetting of "capacitor" into English), tightener | |
capacity | n | room, berth, strength, gift, readiness | meeth (<ME mēthe); andeven (<OE andefn), skillness (cf. NHG Fähigkeit) | |
cape | n | mantle, sleeveless coat geography: ness, foreland, headland |
- | |
capita | n | head | - | |
capital | n/adj | wealth, means, wherewithal; sterling; foremost |
letter (ABC): greatbookstave (cf. NHG Großbuchstabe) | |
capital city | n | - | headburg (<OE hēafodburh), kinesettle (<OE cynesetl), headstead | |
capitalism | n | - | feedom, wealthwield | |
capitalist | n/adj | silk stocking | feeliever | |
capitalization | n | - | blockwrit, block writing | |
capitate bone | n | - | headbone. head wristbone | |
capricious | adj | fickle | nickfull (cf. SW nikkig) | |
capsize | vb | keel, upset, overwend | wemmel | |
captain | n | headman, leader | shiplord, shipper (cf. MNL scipper, NE skipper) | |
caption | n | - |
underwrit (cf. NL underschrift, NHG Bildunterschrift) | |
captivate | vb | wile | witch | |
captive | n/adj | penned, locked up, trapped | n: haftling (<OE haftling)
adj: hafted | |
captivity | n | trap | haftedness (<OE gehæftednes) | |
capture | vb | nail, take, kidnap, steal, swipe, nab, trap | latch, awin (<OE āwinnan and <OE awinnen) | |
car | n | slang: wheels, ride, hot rod, roadster |
wain, wagon (<NL), horseless buggy (obsolete), buggy, selfshrither (calque of automobile), farecart, rumblewagon, thunderwagon, purrwagon | |
caravan | n | tradewagon | kinwain, housewain (cf. SW husvagn) | |
carbon | n | chark, soot | coalshaft, coalmote, lifemote | |
carbon dioxide | n | blackdamp (mining term for CO2) | wortloft | |
caramel | n | - | tag (<IC töggur) | |
carburetor | n | - | forelofter | |
carcass | n | lich; bones, stiff | - | |
card | n | sheet, board | - | |
cardboard | n | headboard | boardsheet | |
cardiac arrest | n | heartstop | - | |
cardinal | n | bird: redbird |
bird: redfinch | |
cardinal direction | n | - | skyheading (cf. NHG Himmelsrichtung), weatherstroke/weatherstreak (calque: SW väderstreck), eighttoken | |
cardiology | n | - | heartlore | |
career | n | calling, game (inf.), walk of life | - | |
caress | vb | fondle, stroke | - | |
cargo | n | draft, freight, haul, loading, weight | fraught (for + aught, cf. Eng freight) | |
cargo ship | n | freighter | fraughter | |
caribou | n | reindeer | - | |
carnal | adj | fleshly | - | |
carnation | n | - | nailling, nailken (cf. NHG Nelke), nailbloom, nale (<SC nale) | |
carnivore | n | meat-eater, flesh-eater | - | |
carouse | vb | birl | - | |
carousel | n | - | merry-wend, merry-go-about (cf. Eng. merry-go-round) | |
carpal bone | n | - | wristbone | |
carpenter | n | woodworker | woodsmith, woodcraftsman, treewright (<OE trēowwyrhta), timberworker (cf. NL timmerwerk) | |
carpentry | n | woodcraft, becraftliness, craftliness | treewrighting, timberwork (cf. NL timmerwerk) | |
carpet | n | - | stepcloth, floorcloth, groundcloth, tappet (from Minecraft) | |
carriage | n | bearing | wain, wagon | |
carrot | n | - | walmore (<ME walmōre), yellowred more (from Minecraft) | |
carry | vb | bear, weigh, ferry, take | - | |
carte blanche | n | utter freedom | white sheet | |
cartilage | n | gristle / grissel | crackbone (cf. NL kraakbeen) | |
cartilaginous fish | n | - | grisselfish, crackbonefish (cf. NL kraakbeenvis) | |
cartographer | n | - | landsheetmaker (from Minecraft) | |
cartoon | n | - | tokenwilefilm (calque: NHG Zeichentrickfilm) | |
cartouche | n | - | deckwrit | |
cartridge | n | bag, load, holder | - | |
case | n | hull, husk, pod, sheath, shell, box
in case: lest, by fear of, if... should, befall |
grammar: fall
in case: fall case: fall | |
cashew | n | - | kidneyapple | |
cashewnut | n | - | kidneynut | |
casing | n | shell, brass | - | |
casino | n | - | bethall, bethouse, gaming house | |
cast away | vb | - | anbewarp (<OE anbeweorpan) | |
castigate | vb | - | beswing (<ME biswingen) | |
castle | n | burg, stronghold
innermost keep |
stronghouse, fastenwork (<OE fæsten + weorc; cf. NHG Festung), chestel (<OE ceastel) | |
castrate | vb | geld, clip | afire (<OE afȳran) | |
casual | adj | breezy, blithe, light-hearted | - | |
catalog | n | list | - | |
catapult | n | - | gun (<ME gunne), slaught gearwork, great stonesling | |
catastrophe | n | - | downturn (calque of Greek katastréphō) | |
catalyst | n | - | sunderer (from Minecraft) | |
catch | vb | snare, snarl, snag, latch, fang, nab | - | |
catechism | n | - | frodleering (cf. IC trúfræðslurit) | |
catechize | vb | grill, sweat slang | frain | |
categorize | vb | - | fade (< ME fāden ⁊ OE fadian) | |
caterpillar | n | - | cawlworm (<OE cawelwyrm), leafworm (<OE lēafwyrm), mealshave (<OE mǣlsceafa) | |
cathedral | n | - | headchurch (<OE hēafodcirice) | |
catheter | n | - | leat | |
cathode | n | - | downway | |
catholic | adj | - | ally (<OE eallīc) | |
Catholicism | n | - | Allytroth | |
catkin | n | - | bloomtail | |
cattle | n | cows, livestock, kine, nowt, fee, neat | rother, standstills | |
Caucasian | n | - | Caucaser | |
cauldron | n | kettle | wher (<ME hwer), oalvat (<OE ālfæt), ironcrock (from Minecraft) | |
cauliflower | n | - | bloomcole | |
cause | n | sake; bring-about, let-on, wherefrom | inting (< ME intinge ⁊ OE intinga), orsake (calque of many Germanic languages) | |
cause | vb | beget, breed, drive, make, work, yield, lead to | fise (<ME fūsen), fororsake (calque of many Germanic languages) | |
caustic | adj | burning | - | |
cautery | n | - | tharm tool | |
caution | n | wariness, forewit, care, reck, heeding, beware, warning | - | |
cautious | adj | chary (< archaic Modern English) | - | |
cavalier | n | horseman | king-follower (Charles II) | |
cavalry | n | horsemen, riders | rideware (cf. NHG Reiterei) | |
cave | n | den | shraff (<ME shraf; pl: shraves), cleave (<OE cleofa), delve | |
caviar | n | - | stoorroe (roe of the sturgeon) | |
cavil | vb | carp | - | |
cavity | n | dint, hollow, pit | - | |
Cb[] | ||||
Cc[] | ||||
Cd[] | ||||
Ce[] | ||||
Attested | Unattested | |||
cease | vb | stop, lay off, halt, give up, leave off, blin | - | |
ceasefire | n | truce | weaponsstandstill (cf. NL wapenstilstand, NHG Waffenstillstand) | |
cecum | n | blind gut | blindtharm, blindgut | |
cecograph | n | - | blindwriter | |
cede | vb | yield, hand over, give up, bequeath, overgive (Eng., NHG übergeben, NL overgeven) | orgive, oryeve | |
cedilla | n | - | zedling, zeeling | |
ceiling | n | firstroof, highroof, loftroof | - | |
celebrate | vb | merrymake | frelse (<ME frelsen) | |
celebration | n | - | frealsing | |
celebrity | n | - | star, hotshot, crowdy (calque) | |
celery | n | - | fenroot | |
celestial | adj | heavenly | skily (sky + -ly) | |
celestial bow | n | rainbow, heaven's bow | - | |
celestial sphere | n | - | rother (<OE rodor) | |
cell | n | hole, room | living being: frum (<IC fruma), lifebrock | |
cell division | n | - | frumcleaving | |
cellar | n | earthhouse | clove (<OE clēofa); undercroft | |
celluloid | n | film, flick, film strip tape, reel | treestandhew, frumsweethew (calque) | |
cellulose | n | - | treestand, frumsweet (calque) | |
Celtic | adj | Celtish | - | |
cemetery | n | graveyard, boneyard, burying-ground | church-litten, lich-rest, lichburg, lichtown, buryingstow, endrest, still-hill (slang) | |
cenozoic | n | - | nowlifen, eld of suckledeer | |
censorship | n | - | cleaning, bestilling | |
censure | vb | chide, upbraid | - | |
census | n | tale | marking (cf. OE tomearcodnes), folkscoring | |
cent | n | penny, hundredth | - | |
centaur | n | - | horsemennish (cf. NL paardmens), manhorse, halfhorse | |
centimeter | n | - | hundredthmete | |
centipede | n | - | thousandfoot (cf. NL duizendpoot; NHG Tausendfüße) | |
center | n/vb | n: kernel, heart; middle, midst
vb: spotlight |
place for event/function: mid (cf. NHG Mitte), midstod (<IC miðstöðin) | |
central | adj | location: middle, mean, midway, midmost, middle-of-the-road
importance: main, key, leading, ruling |
- | |
centurion | n | - | houndfrea (<OE hundfrēa) | |
century | n | yearhundred | hundredyear, year-fivescore/yearfivescore (literally means a year and five twenties), fivescore (five twenties) | |
cereal | n | - | breakfast: morningcorn (cf. IC morgunkorn) | |
certain | adj | wis | sicker (Eng. <ME)
specific: bestevened (calque: NHG bestimmt) (see steven) | |
certainly | adv | wisly | sickerly, soothly | |
certainty | n | sickerness | wishood (cf. NHG Gewissheit), soothness | |
certificate | n | - | beshining (cf. NHG Bescheinigung), witnessword, sickering | |
certify | v | witness | beshine (calque of Ger. speeches) confirm: besteady (calque of Ger. speeches) | |
cerulean | adj | - | swailblee | |
cerumen | n | earwax | - | |
cervix | n | - | wombneck (cf. NL baarmoederhals) | |
Cesar | n | overlord, high-king, kaiser |
- | |
cesium | n | - | quickgold, silverwhite, lightbrick mote | |
Cf[] | ||||
Cg[] | ||||
Ch[] | ||||
chain | n | shackle, fetter | - | |
chair | n | seat, stool, settle (archaic) | - | |
chaise-longue | n | - | longseat, longsettle | |
chalice | n | bowl | weigh (<OE wǣge/wēge) | |
chalk | n | limestone | limestonestick | |
challenge | vb | knot, dare, becall challenge oneself (with, by, to): undertake (something, to do something) |
beclepe (< ME beclepen ⁊ OE beclipian), upcall, upstart, uprise (cf. NL uitdagen), outask (cf. NHG herausfordern), upfight (cf. NHG anfechten) | |
challenge | n | knot, dare, threat challenge oneself, undertake: undertaking |
becalling, becleping (<OE beclipian), upcall, upstarting, outtasking (cf. NHG Herausforderung), upfight (cf. NHG Anfechtung) | |
chamber | n | room, bay (enclosed space) | - | |
chamber of commerce | n | board of trade | Handelsrat | |
chameleon | n | - | fowask (<ME fou "particolored, variegated" and NE ask) | |
chance | n | luck, opening | by chance: faringly (<OE færinga) | |
chancellor | n | gatekeeper | yateward (OE geat + ward) (senior record keeper, official who produced and notarized official documents) bookkeeper, logkeeper (senior secretary in a royal court) headwriter | |
change | vb/n | shift, switch, makeover, dough (cash), warp | wend, char, wrixle (<ME wrixlen), frother (for- + other; cf. WF feroarje, NL veranderen, NHG verändern) | |
channel | n | fairway, race, ford | sound (<OE sund 'long narrow inlet) | |
chaos | n | mess | dwolm (<OE dwolma) | |
chapter | n | - | cavel (<MLG cavele and likely ON kafli (piece cut off, piece, bit) and kefli (cylinder, stick, piece of wood)), compare IL kafli | |
character | n |
clay, selfhood, self, shtick, player (mainly in a game) |
in a story: hoad (<OE hād) feature: folklihood (cf. NL persoonlijkheid) moral strength: wilstrength (will + strength; cf. DN viljestyrke) symbol: token (cf. NHG Zeichen, DN tegn) | |
characteristic | n | mark | kenmark (calque: NL kenmerk) | |
chard | n | - | fow-leaf, fow-stalk, fow-stem (fow <OE fāg "colored"), manywald (<NHG mangold) | |
charge | n | fill, load, outlay, lading | uplast, onlast
military: ongripe, forthlout legal: booking | |
charge | vb | fill, load, outlay, lade | uplast, onlast, wite, onwite, asteal (<OE astǣlan)
military: ongripe, forthlout (<OE to fall forth), onrush, hildrass/rush/rash (<OE) legal: book | |
charged | adj | owing, laden (electric) | - | |
charitable | adj | kind, freehanded, freehearted, unselfish, unsparing, unstinting | kisty (<OE cystig), almsful (<ME almesful) | |
charity | n | help, gift, hand-out, goodness, goodwill, fellow feeling, alms, dole, ruth, brotherhood | kistiness | |
charity (organization) | n | bedehouse | almshouse | |
charlatan | n | swindler | - | |
Charlemagne | n | Carl/Charles the Great | Churl the Great | |
charm | n | spell, dangle | libsen (<OE lybesn) | |
charming | adj | friendly, lovely, winsome, comely | - | |
charter | n | - | rightsledging; booking (<OE bócung "assignment of land by charter") | |
chase | vb | hotfoot, put to flight, wathe/wothe (<OE wáth), adrive (<OE), hunt | - | |
chassis | n | shell, frame | brass | |
chasten, castigate, chastise/chastize | vb | wreak, smite | inwreak, bewreak, insmite, besmite | |
chastize | vb | chew out, chide, flay, hammer, jaw, keelhaul, ream out, tongue-lash, upbraid | threap | |
chauffeur | n | driver | - | |
cheat | n/vb |
shark, bilk, do in, nobble, rip off, rig, swindle; shark, dodger, swindler, lirt, belirt, threap |
beswike (<OE beswīcan) | |
check | vb | - | oversoothe (cf. NHG überprüfen) | |
checkers (game) | n | drafts (from Norman spelling draughts) | - | |
cheer | n | glee, merriness, mirthfulness | - | |
cheer | vb | gladden, root, hearten, perk up, blithen |
bemirth | |
cheese (<PWG) | n | - | milkcurd, yust (<PG *justaz) | |
chef d'oeuvre | n | - | maisterwork (cf. NL meesterstuk) | |
chemistry | n | - | blendlore, splitlore (cf. NL scheikunde) | |
cherish | vb | hold dear, cleave to, care for, love, look after, shelter; harbor |
- | |
cherry | n | - | chirse (<OE ciris/cyrs; cf. NL kers, NHG Kirsche), stoneberry (from Minecraft) | |
chess | n | - | - | |
chestplate (armor, see tunic) | n | chesthelm, breasthelm | - | |
chez _____ | prp | at _____'s | - | |
chic | adj | fancy, dapper, natty | - | |
chief, chieftain | n | headman, headwoman, ringleader | folktow (<OE folctoga), headling (cf. NHG Häuptling) | |
chikungunya | n | - | upbend driff | |
chili | n | - | hot pepper; pepperdust | |
chimney | n | smokestack | shorestone (cf. NL schoorsteen, NHG Schornstein) | |
chimpanzee | n | - | mockman (calque of Vili ci-mpenzi) | |
China | n | - | Midrich (cf. HIC Miðríki) | |
Chinese character | n | - | Hanrown, moonrown (potentially offensive) | |
chipmunk | n | chipping squirrel, ground squirrel | banded squirrel (< striped squirrel; 'stripe' is not native English), tinybear (< mini-bear), timber banded cat (< timber tiger) | |
church | n | kirk | - | |
Chirology | n | - | handlore | |
chisel | v | grave | - | |
chivalrous | n | big, greathearted, high-minded, lofty, lordly |
hovely | |
chivalry | n | knightliness | lordlihood, kindhood, riderliness (for sake of "knight" meaning servant, NHG Ritter) | |
chlorine | n | - | bleachstuff, yellowgreenmote | |
chlorophyll | n | leafgreen | - | |
chocolate | adj/n | - | muckeats/muckfood (cf. HIC mógæti) | |
chocolate milk | n | - | muckeatsmilk, muckmilk | |
choice | n | choosing, picking, wale. | kire (cf. ME kire), chosen (noun form) | |
cholesterol | n | - | gallvat | |
chrestomathy | n | - | nuttlecouthness (calque, < OE nyttol 'useful' + OE cūþnes 'knowledge') | |
Christian | adj | Christen, Christly | Christish | |
Christian | n | Christen, Christer | - | |
Christianity | n | Christendom | Christenhood (calque of NHG Christenheit) | |
Christmas (<OE) | n | Yule | - | |
chromosome | n | - | lifepith, huebody (calque of original Greek) | |
chromatid | n | - | lifepithhalf | |
chromium | n | - | hueshaft, dyeshaft, bleeshaft | |
chronicle | n | ledger, tale, saga | saw | |
chronology | n | timeline | timeflow | |
chrysanthemum | n | - | goldbloom | |
chunk | n | - | worldstitch | |
Ci[] | ||||
cider | n | apple wine | golden fire (slang) | |
cigar | n | smoke | smokelog, smokewrap, windle (calque of Icelandic vindill) | |
cigarette | n | smoke, butt. | windling, in-and-out (slang), death stick (slang) | |
cinema | n | - | bilths, filmhouse, filmingstow | |
cinquefoil | n | - | fiffinger | |
cipher | n | dern | homewrit (cf. NL geheimschrift), riddlewrit | |
circa | prep | about | umb/umbe (<ME umbe; cf. NHG um) | |
circle | n | ring, loop, wreath, trindle, trundle | trind | |
circuit | n | ringway | - | |
circulate | vb | flow; broadcast | umflow | |
circulation | n | flow | umbfaring, forfaring, umbflow, umbrunning | |
circulatory system | n | bloodstream | - | |
circum-/circul- | pfx | - | um-/umb- | |
circumcise | vb | cut, unhood, unforeskin | umsnithe (<OE ymbsniðan), rend, umcut, besnithe (cf. NHG beschneiden) | |
circumference | n | girth, rim, outring | rimlength, rimreach, rimspan, umgang or umbgang (Eng.) | |
circumflex | n | - | stavehat | |
circumnavigate | vb | - | umship (cf. NHG umschiffen) | |
circumspect | adj | careful, watchful | - | |
circumstance | n | doom, hap, luck | umstand or umbstand (<OE), befalling, umstalling | |
circumvent | vb | shortcut, sidestep; girdle, ring | umwork | |
circus | n | big top | - | |
cirrocumulus | n | - | curlcloud | |
citizen | n | townsman, burgher | boroughman, boroughlede (<OE burglēod), ethelman, richer (<OE ríce) | |
citizenship | n | - | boroughership (Eng., cf. NHG Bürgerschaft, NL burgerschap), richership (<OE ríce) | |
citroen | n | sourapple | - | |
city | n | stead, borough, burgh, town | - | |
citywide | adj | - | steadwide (cf. NHG stadtweit) | |
civet cat | n | - | slipcat | |
civil | adj | folk | - | |
civil law | n | - | folklaw | |
civilian | n | - | meanfolk, hovelman | |
civility | n | - | hoveliness | |
Cj[] | ||||
Ck[] | ||||
Cl[] | ||||
clade | n | - | bough (branch) | |
cladogram | n | - | boughbilth, boughwrit | |
clairvoyance | n | - | throughsight | |
claim | n | call, dibs, right; share, stake | forehold | |
clamor | n | din | greeding | |
clan | n | body, crowd, network, ring, set, blood, folks, house, kindred, line, set | - | |
clarify | vb | shed light on | suttle (<ME isutelen) | |
clarinet | n | - | silver-sucker (slang) | |
classic | adj | token | mean; highflack (flack <NL vlak 'level') | |
classical | adj | - | tokenly
music: everswin | |
classification | n | tagging, branding | fading (<OE fadung) | |
classify | vb | tag, brand | fade (<OE fadian) | |
claustrophobia | n | - | narrowfear, tightnessfear | |
clavicle | n | - | keybone (cf. NHG Schlüsselbein) | |
clear | adj/vb | adj: sharp; lily-white, sheer, smolt
vb: sharpen |
adj: suttle (<ME sutel)
vb: rithe/ruthe (<OE geryddan; cf. NHG roden; IC ryðja) | |
clearing | n | glade | rithing/ruthing (<OE geryddan) | |
clearly | adv | sheerly | - | |
clergy | n | church, cloth | - | |
clergyman | n | churchman, father, shepherd of men, man of the cloth, man of the book | godsmith, soul-carer, heaven-reacher, sin-buster, make-god, sin-shifter, soul-whisperer, bodiend, speliend, white-choker. | |
cliche | n/adj | hackneyed, moth-eaten; n: groaner | - | |
climate | n | - | loftlay (cf. IC loftslag), welkin-hung (<OE gehong "inclination to, tendency"), welkinwist, worldwist, leanset, leansettle, leanship, leanward, leanwist, atlean
leantrend, leanlay [politics, etc.] | |
clip (cut) | v | cut | - | |
cloaca | n | cloäke | aldrain (all + drain), alclosethew (all + closethew (sphincter)) | |
cloak | n | whittle (archaic) | loth (<OE loþa); basing (<OE basing), cassel (<OE casul); french (<OE frence) | |
clock | n | timer | daymale, stounder, logger, daymeal | |
clockwise | adj | sunwise | - | |
clockwork | n | - | stoundersare (stounder 'clock' + OE searu 'device, craft, machine') | |
clone | n/vb | twin | - | |
close | vb | shut, narrow | slute (cf. NL sluiten, NHG schliessen) | |
close | adj | near, narrow, nearby, nigh | - | |
clutch | n | gripsare (grip + OE searu "device, craft, machine") | ||
Cm[] | ||||
Cn[] | ||||
Co[] | ||||
co- | pref | fellow-, by-, i-, even- | - | |
coagulate | vb | clot | ren (<ME rennen), arun (cf. NHG gerinnen) | |
coalition | n | - | block (see Italian blocco)
band, ring | |
coarse | adj | - | rough | |
coast | n | seaboard, strand | sea rim, sea strand, sea wang, warth | |
coastline | n | shoreline | - | |
coat of arms | n | - | kinshield, weapon | |
cocaine | n | slangs: blow, snow dust, snow, white, white lady, slim, snuff | - | |
Coca-Cola | n | kidney killer | mucksnuffbrew | |
coccyx | n | tailbone | - | |
cochlea | n | - | hearsnail (cf. NHG Hörschnecke) | |
cockroach | n | - | shave (cf. NHG Schrabe) | |
cocoa (bean) | n | - | mucknut, muckbean, muckseed, bitternut, bitterbean, bitterseed | |
cocoa (drink) | n | - | muckbrew, bitterbrew | |
coconut | n | - | skulnut (skull + nut; coco comes from Span./Port. for "skull") | |
code | n |
software: backend |
riddlewrit | |
coeval | adj | - | evenold (<OE efeneald) | |
coffee | n | brew | beanbrew | |
coffer | n | - | hoardvat (<OE hordfæt) | |
coffin | n | - | pinebox, meatbox, deadchest (cf. NL doodkist), through (<OE) | |
cognate | n | - | kinword | |
cognizant | adj | aware | rathe | |
cohabit | vb | live together | bylive | |
coherence | n | - | weenness, witherspeakfreedom (<NHG Widerspruchsfreiheit) | |
coin | n | minting | mint (<OE mynet, cf. NHG Münze) | |
coincide | vb | - | inbefall, atbefall, atfall | |
coincidence | n | happen-so (in OED, US regional colloq.) | likehappening, tofall (calque of all Ger. speeches) | |
coitus | n | - | swiving, heamedlock (<OE hæmedlac), bysleep (<NHG Beischlaf) | |
cojones | n | balls, guts | - | |
colic | n | - | bellyharm | |
collapse | n/vb | downfall, infall, swooning | vb: cleave in | |
colleague | vb | workmate, fellow worker | - | |
collect | vb | gather | sam (<OE samnian) | |
collection | n | gathering, set | thingstock, ingathering, ingetting, samming | |
colon | n | - | two dots, twinfold dot | |
colonize | vb | settle, take over, spread through(out) |
fermshippen (<OE "feorm" + "ship" + "-en (wordlore 6)"), landboten (<OE landbū + -ettan) | |
colony | n | settlement | settling, fermship (<OE feorm + ship), landboness (<OE landbūnes) | |
color | n | hue, cast, blee, light wavelength | dye (<OE deah), farb/farve (<OE færbu, cf. NHG Farbe) | |
color | vb | hue, dye, shade, blee | - | |
column | n | upright | sile, staple | |
combat | n | fight, hild | gouth | |
combination | n | binding, tying, knotting, fastening, gathering | forbinding (cf. NHG Verbindung) | |
combine | vb | bind, tie, knot, fasten, gather, put together | gatherbind, withbind, forbind (cf. NHG verbinden) | |
combustible | n/adj | adj: fiery n: tinder |
adj: fireworthy (may also mean non-combustible)
n: tinderkin (<OE tyndercyn) | |
comedian | n | funnyman, merry-andrew | funspeller, lustspeller, laughtersmith | |
comedy | n | merrymaking | funplay, lustplay (calque: NHG Lustspiel) | |
comestible | n | eatings | chewings | |
comestible | adj | eating | eatworthy | |
comet | n | broom star, shooting star | strealer, faxed-star (resemblance to hair flowing in the breeze), tailstar | |
comfort | n | rest, ellen, elning, frover (OED) | fastness, bulwark; bliss; weem | |
comfort | vb | strengthen; ellen (OED); soothe, brighten, shed/cast light on, lighten up, light up | freever (<OE frēfran), frover; also frother (<ME frofer; <OE frōfor) | |
comfortable | adj | soft, lithe, snug | queem (<SC, cf. NHG bequem), froverly/-some | |
comic | n | strip, stripbook | - | |
comic | adj | funny; laughing | - | |
comma | n | - | halfdot, cutdot, short stop | |
command | n | behest, bidding
military: headship |
hight, hest | |
command | vb | bid, lead, behest; spearhead | sway, yebe, hote, hight, befeal (<OE bifelhan and akin to NHG befehlen) | |
commander | n | head, leader | campalder (<OE campealdor), bebeedend (<OE bebēodend), harreasower (<OE hererǣswa), hildwiser (<OE hildewīsa), hertow (<OE heretoga), wolder (<OE walda) | |
commandment | n | behest; (Torah) teachings | bodeword, mustsaying | |
commemorate | vb | mind | umbethink | |
commemoration | n | minding, umbethinking | bethoughtening | |
commence | vb | begin, start | - | |
commensurate | adj | fitting | - | |
comment | n | - | bemark | |
commentary | n | input, feedback | upmarking (cf. NL opmerking) | |
commenting | n | - | bemarking | |
commerce | n | business, trade; dealings | chapstow | |
commercial | n | businesswise | tradewise | |
commit | vb | do, betake, plight | athee (<OE ġeþēon), forove (calque: NHG verüben) | |
common | adj | shared; household: cut-and-dry, workaday; broad-brush, overall; shared; middling; lowbrow; everyday, wonted, widespread
peasants: churlish |
mean (<OE gemæne, cf. NHG Gemein), imean (<ME imene, ȝemǣne 'common, general, universal'; cf. OE gemæne), mean, amean; allshare, withmean, wonesome (<OE wune 'custom'); wunly (SW vanlig) | |
CE (Common Era) | n | In the year of Our Lord (Dionysian) | YL, Mean Eld (ME), (AE) Anward Eld | |
commonly | adv | meanly, often | ameanly, wonesomely | |
commonwealth | n | - | meanwealth, meanbest (cf. NL gemenebest), folksrich, thedewealth (cf. IC Þjóðveldið ) | |
commotion | n | unrest | stirness (<OE styrenes) | |
communicate | v | share, talk; spread, brainstorm, bespeak, tell, make known, oversend, share, utter, say, word, give | outthrutch, outthrust, outsend, outspeak (cf. NL uitdrukken, NHG ausdrücken), betwixtsend, crosstalk | |
communicative | adj | chatty | speakle (<OE sprecol), speakly | |
communion | n | fellowship, share, sharing | imeanship (calque: NHG Gemeinschaft) | |
communism | n | - | richownership; allownership (the state owns all means of production and private property is counterrevolutionary) | |
communist | adj | red; churlish | richowned, knavish (cf. proletarian) | |
community | n | shire, fellowship | meanship/ameanship (<OE gemǣnscipe and akin to NHG Gemeinschaft), folkship | |
compact | adj | deal, hard, stiff, unyielding, crowded, packed, thick, tight, thumbnail (expression) | withfasted, withfied | |
companion | n | fellow (<ON), mate (<MLG), gesith (historical title) | feer (<ME ifēre <OE gefēra), sithe (<OE gesīþ) | |
company | n | business, outfit, brotherhood, fellowship (<ON) | ship, sitheship (<OE gesīþscipe) | |
comparative | adj | - | overlikening | |
compare | vb | liken, stack up | aliken (<OE anlician), withmete, withput, withlay | |
comparable | adj | alike | akind, samekind | |
comparator | n | - | likener (from Minecraft) | |
compass | n | - | magnetic: eighttoken (cf. IC áttaviti)
pair of: ringupspurrer (cf. IC hringfari) | |
compass point | n | - | skyheading (calque: NHG Himmelsrichtung), weatherstroke/weatherstreak (calque: SW väderstreck), eighttoken | |
compassion | n | feeling, kindness, ruth, goodwill | milts, evensorrow | |
compassionate | adj | kind, feeling, ruthful | - | |
compatible | adj | kindred | samehaft (cf. IC samhæft), fordrawnly (calque: NHG verträglich), mithworkbere (from Minecraft) | |
compatriot | n | kinsman | landsman (<OE landesmann), fellow-land(wo)man | |
compel | vb | fordrive, strong-arm, make-to | thring, bede (<OE gebǣdan) | |
compensation | n | meed, bote | froover (<OE frōfor), forgooding | |
competent | adj | fit, good; fair, right | - | |
compete | vb | match up | wedbewharve (grounded on NHG wettbewerb stehen) gaintussle (gain- + tussle) | |
competition | n | bidding | wedbewharve (calque: NHG Wettbewerb) gaintussling (gain+tussling)
more new: wedbestriding (the wedding of bestriding) see bestride | |
compile | vb | put together | - | |
complain | vb | whine, bitch, caterwaul, moan, gripe, whinge, grumble |
cher (<OE ceorian) | |
complete | adj | full, whole, done, over, through, up; in depth, thorough, all-out, downright, flat-out, sheer, stark, stone, straight-out, thorough, utter; out-and-out, skillful,full-standing, thoroughgoing | - | |
complete | vb | fulfill, end, overcome | fuldo (<ME fuldon ⁊ <OE fuldōn) | |
completely | adv | outright, fully, utterly, thoroughly, through and through, inside-out, to the hilt, altogether, deeply, soundly, |
- | |
complex | adj | manifold, knotted, snarled | - | |
complexion | n | blee, hue, look, ilk, kind, suchness, way, outlook | skin-look, skin-hue | |
compliant | adj | toward, abiding | followsome, bowsome (<OE buxum) | |
complicate |
vb/adj |
- | maze, intangle, manifold | |
complicated | adj | knotty, tangled | manifold (<OE) | |
compliment | n/vb | flatter | n: sweaseness (<OE geswǣsnys), love (<OE lof, cf. NHG Lob; rhymes with stove)
vb: swease (<OE swǣs) | |
complimentary | adj | - | sweasely (<OE swæs + -lic), loving (rhymes with roving) | |
compline | n | - | nightsong (<OE nihtsang, akin to "evensong") | |
component | n | - | underdeal (cf. NL onderdeel), makebit, inbit, gatherbit, wholebit | |
compose | vb | make, put together | glinge, (<OE - to adorn, set in order, compose), adight (<OE), asing (<OE), awrite (<OE), samen (<OE), fay (<OE), withput | |
composer | n | - | swinsmith, leethwriter | |
composition | n | layout | swincraft | |
composter | n | - | bonemealer (from Minecraft) | |
compound | n | cocktail, meld, mix | forbinding (calque: NHG Verbindung) | |
comprehensive | adj | all-in, thorough, whole, all-out adv: fully, inside-out, through and through, understandbere, forstandbere |
begriping (calque), invatting (<OE fæt 'vessel'; calque) | |
comprise | vb | make up | inhold, invat (cf. NL omvatten) | |
compromise | vb/n | tradeoff, deal
vb: meet halfway |
- | |
compunction | n | qualm, misgiving | - | |
computation | n | reckoning | - | |
compute(r) | n/vb | vb: reckon, arime (<OE) ithink (<OE)
n: circlewyrd, circleweird (OE circolwyrde: computer, mathematician. However, circle is an early Germanic borrowing from Greek via Latin) |
reckoner, uprimer, upthinker, upreckoner, alderrime, alderrimer, alderreckoner, endberder, endberdend, enberdend (calque, based on French and Spanish Ordinateur/Ordenador), fade-sare (fade < OE to arrange. sare < OE device, craft, machine) reckonsare, rimesare | |
comrade | n | fellow, friend | gade (<OE gada), sithe (<OE ġesīð)
faithful: trowþoft (<OE trēowġeþofta) | |
concatenate | vb | - | therbinding | |
conceal | vb | hide, shroud, overshadow | mithe | |
concealment | n | hiding, hideaway, lair, nest | dern, hidlock | |
conceivable | adj | thoughtworthy | - | |
conceive | vb | take, catch; be with child; ken (OED); beget, dream, make out, twig | knit, forseed | |
concentrate | vb | meet, cluster, gather; fasten, lump, build up, strengthen, mind | bemiddlen, ibemiddlen | |
concentrated | adj | crammed, clustered, gathered, lumped together, built up, minded on | - | |
concentration camp | n | - | shandstead | |
concentric | adj | ringed, overlapping | middlesharing | |
concern | n | care, worry, reck | yeam (<OE ġīeme) | |
concern | vb | behoove | - | |
concerned | adj | chary | - | |
concerning | prep | as for, as far as, on, toward, anent | - | |
concert | n | - | ileethering | |
concept | n | mind's eye | begripe (cf. ME begrīpen, NL begrip, NHG Begriff), mindseye (Compound currently growing in popularity) | |
conception | n | mind's eye, thought | bilth; of child: beseeding | |
conclude |
vb | end, wind up, wrap up, break up, leave off, let up, wind up, wink out, name, settle upon, gather, make out | - | |
conclusion |
n | ending, finding(s), endgame | endsay | |
concrete | n/adj | hard | manstone (from Minecraft); gainstandly (cf. NHG gegenständlich) | |
concurrently | prep | meanwhile, all-the-while, all along |
- | |
concussion | n | shell shock | - | |
condemn | vb | doom, put down | fordeem, forordeal (cf. NL veroordelen) | |
condemned, the | n | doomed | beforordealt (from forordeal, via NL veroordeel) | |
condemner | n | deemster | forordealer (from forordeal, via NL veroordeel); doomer | |
condescend | vb | belittle, stoop, talk down, lower |
- | |
condition | n | onlay, fettle | hoad (<ME hōde), ship (<OE scipe), birdness (<OE byrdnys), areadness (<OE arǣdnis), foreworth (cf. NL voorwaarde) | |
condom | n | warding, rubber, scumbag | - | |
condominium | n | housetown | political entity: wholelordship/whole-lordship (cf. NHG Gesamtherrschaft), wield, reevedom | |
conduct | vb | lead, drive, beload (<OE), Ioad (<OE) | - | |
conduit | n | - | ithelode (from Minecraft) | |
cone | n | taper (<OE) | keggle (cf. NL kegel, NHG Kegel, DN kegle), ringwedge | |
confectionary | n | sweets, sweetmeat, sweet-shop | - | |
confederacy | n | deal (treaty or constitution—cf. Lat. foedus); binding; bond, tightbond (Lat. con- is an intensifier, marking a strong treaty or bond) | richesband (band of states), richesdeal (covenant between states, cf. Leeden foedus), landsband, landsdeal; richship, loosebind | |
confederate | adj/n | friend, buddy, henchman; bonded, bound | n: agade (<OE gegada) | |
confederation | n | bond, binding | richesband, richship, loosebind | |
confer | vb | bestow, lend, give over | - | |
conference | n | meeting, gathering, moot | instelling (calque: WF ynstelling, NL instelling) | |
confess | vb | acknowledge, own up | shrive, beken (Eng., cf. NHG/NL bekennen), andet (<ME andetten), det | |
confession | n | acknowledging, shrift | andetness (<OE andetnes) | |
confidence | n | belief, hope, troth | can-do-feeling | |
configuration | n | setting, set up
of elements: layout, shape |
instelling (cf. NL instelling) | |
confine | vb | lock in, keep, trap, fetter, bind, latch, grasp, abed (by illness), bedrid | bemire (pref. be-, <OE mære) | |
confirm | vb | strengthen, starken, acknowledge | besteady (cf. NHG bestätigen) | |
confirmation | n | strengthening, starkening | besteadying (calque: NHG Bestätigung) | |
confiscate | vb | filch | beslay (cf. NL beslag) | |
conflagration | n | fire | eld (<ME ēld <OE ǣled, past participle of ǣlan) | |
conflate | vb | - | withmelt | |
conflict | vb/n | fight, feud | - | |
confluence | n | - | watersmeet, eameet | |
conform | vb | dovetail, blend, groove, key, withshape | evenlike (<OE efenlician) | |
conformism | n | - | evenlyinghood | |
conformity | n | - | evenlying | |
confound | vb | befuddle, bewilder, addle | - | |
confront | vb | take on, come at, be up against | - | |
confuse | vb | befuddle, mistake, ravel, bewilder, muddle, mangle, addle | ablend, forwrixle (calque: NHG verwechseln) | |
confusing | adj | manifold, bewildering, muddlesome, misleading | - | |
confusion | n | muddling, bewildering, mishmash | ablending | |
confute | vb | overstale (<OE Ofer-staélan - to confute, to convict, to convince) | - | |
congregate | v | forgather | - | |
congress | n | gathering, moot | - | |
conics | n | - | kegglelore | |
conjecture | vb | foreguess | aread (<ME arēden; cf. NHG erraten) | |
conjecture | n | foreguess | reasowing (<OE rǣswung) | |
conjugate | vb | bend | abye (<OE gebīgan; cf. NL verbuigen) | |
conjunction | n | linking word | linkword, bindword, yokeword | |
conjure | vb | - | beswear (calque?: NHG beschören) | |
connect | vb | link, fit, tie-in, bind | forbind (<OE forbindan) | |
connotation | n | - | undermeaning | |
conquer | vb | do down, overcome, upend, worst | overwin (<ME overwinnen ⁊ <OE oferwinnan) | |
conquered | adj | overwon | - | |
conquerer | n | overwinner | - | |
conquest | n | overwin | - | |
consanguinity | n | kinship | - | |
conscience | n | - | thewing, inwit | |
conscious | adj | aware, mindful, heedful | - | |
consciousness | n | awareness, mindfulness, heedfulness, wake | inwit | |
conscript | vb | draft, call-up | - | |
consecrate | vb | bless, hallow, behallow, bename | - | |
consecutive(ly) | adj/adv | straight, running, unbroken; one after the other, right after | - | |
consent | n | - | thaving, thwaring, yielding, withfeeling (calque) | |
consent | vb | leave, yield | thave (<ME thaven), thwearledge (<OE þwǣrlǣcan) | |
conservation | n | - | orholding (cf. NHG Erhaltung) | |
conserve | vb | husband | orhold | |
consequence | n | aftermath, backwash, outcome, upshot, wightiness | offleading (calque: IC afleiðing) | |
consequently | adv | hence, thereby, thereupon, thus, wherefore, sithence (obsolete) | - | |
consider | vb |
heed, bethink, think about, |
hye/huy (<OE hycgan 'bear in mind, confide, trust'; compare lie <OE licgan, buy <OE bycgan), aween (<OE āwēnan), behow (<OE behāwian), umbthink (<OE ymbþencan), smey (<ME smēȝen), yondthink (<OE geondþencan 'to reflect upon'), hiler (<OE aheolorian 'weigh, balance'), aweigh (cf. NHG erwägen) | |
consideration | n | thought | - | |
consist of | vb | be made up of | bestand of (cf. NHG bestehen aus) | |
consistency | n | - | weenness | |
consistent | adj | - | weenly (<OE wénlic) | |
console | vb | frover, soothe, allay sorrow, share grief, give strength and hope |
befreefern | |
consolation | n | - | freeverness (<OE fréferness), froover (<OE frōfor) | |
consonant | n | - | samedsweyer (<Ælfric's OE samodswēgende), withlide, midloud (calque: NHG Mitlaut), midclinker (calque: NL medeklinker) | |
conspicuous | adj | sightly | forthsighly (cf. OE forþgesýne), kenspeckle | |
conspiracy | n | plot | - | |
conspiracy research | n | - | plotlore | |
conspiracy theorist | n | wiseman, knower, wit (ironic) | plot-beholder | |
conspiracy theory | n | - | plotbeholding | |
conspire | vb | plot | - | |
constant | adj | ongoing, abiding, steadfast, steady, singal (<OE sin-gal - perpetual, Everlasting) | onwherft, simble (<OE simbel), onehard (<PWG *ainahard; cf. OHG einharti)
resistant: bestandy/bestanding (NHG beständig) | |
constitution | n | clay, self; build, lawbook, frame, shape, law |
forfastening (cf. NHG Verfassung), overlaw | |
constraint | n | - | thwing (<OE geþwing) | |
constrict | vb | tighten | intighten, betighten | |
consulation | n | - | bereading (calque: NHG Beratung) | |
consult | vb | see with | - | |
consume | vb | eat (up), drain, spend, intake | benote (<ME benōten) | |
consumerism | n | - | intakerhood | |
consummate | adj | crack, good, great, skilled; blooming, straight-out; utmost | - | |
consumption | n | intake | - | |
contact | vb | get, reach | fay, rine, forthreach | |
contain | vb | hold, inhold, have in itself | - | |
contaminate | vb | befoul | smittle | |
contemplate | vb | - | yondthink (<OE geondþencan) | |
contemplation | n | thought | yondthinking (<OE geondþencan + -ing) | |
contemporary | adj | today's | new-timey, tidely, fellow-timed, like-timed | |
contempt | n | loathing, hatred | - | |
contemptuous | adj | - | shanding | |
contend | vb | set to | - | |
contend (argue) | vb | flite, hold | - | |
content | n/vb | vb: gladden | inning (<OE innung), inhold (calque: NHG Inhalt)
of one's character: inwit of one's moodstathel | |
content | adj | happy, gladdened, gruntled | fained, list | |
contention | n | wrangling | - | |
contents | n | inside | Inhold | |
contest | n | match | witherwin (<OE wiðerwinn) | |
context | n | light, framework, ins and outs, layout, basis: underlay |
umbrealm, underlyings, | |
contiguous | adj | abutting | - | |
continent | n | mainland | worlddeal (<OE worulddǣl), greatland, landstretch, fastland | |
continuation | n | astandendness, astandingness (<OE) | - | |
continue | vb | go on, abide, keep on, keep at transitive: let something go on, forlong |
ongo, forthgo (cf. NHG fortgehen), forthset (cf. NL voortzetten), throughgo (cf. NL doorgaan), singel (<OE ġesingalian) | |
continuing | adj | - | on running | |
continuous | adj | unbroken, ongoing | forthgoing, forthset, simble (<OE) | |
contort | vb | writhe | - | |
contract | n | bond, deal | handfast, writdeal | |
contradict | vb | gainsay, withsay, withspeak | yenspeak (<OE gēansprecan), witherspeak (cf. NHG widersprechen), andwitness (cf. IC andvitni), witherqued | |
contradiction | n | gainsaying | witherquedding (<OE wiðercwedung), withspeech (NHG Widerspruch), anspeech | |
contrarian | n | aginner | - | |
contrary | adv | against | witherward (<OE wiðerweard), witherto, withershins | |
contrast | n | againstness, otherness, unlikeness, cleaveness, sunderness | shedspan, undershed, witherputting | |
contrast | vb | sunder, cleave, shed, tell asunder | undershed (cf. NHG unterscheiden, NL onderscheiden), witherstand (calque), offstand, witherstack, offstack (cf. NL afsteken), witherput | |
controversy | n | - | gainwending (loanshift of Leeden contrōversia) | |
contribute | vb | pitch in | bypull, bydraw/drag (cf. NL bijdragen) | |
contribution | n | input | - | |
contrite | adj | sheepish | nust or anust (<OE gehnyst), thrasted (<OE geþræsted) | |
contrition | n | sorrow, guilt, ruth | - | |
contrive | v | - | avel (<PG *aflōną; whence IC afla) | |
control | n | hands, oversight, running, stewardship, arm, grip, hold, sway, steering | bridling | |
control | vb | lead, bridle, hold, steer, keep, tame, steward | sway | |
conundrum | n | riddle | - | |
conurbation | n | - | towncluster(ing) | |
convect | vb | - | ibear, imbbear, iferry, awaybear | |
convenient | adj | - | comely (cf. OE cȳmlīċ) | |
convent | n | - | nunring | |
convention | n | - | acoming (cf. "a-", cognate of "com-" + "come" < OE cuman, cognate of "venio" + "-ing")
law: wonelaw (cognate of wone <OE wuna, "custom, habit, practice, rite" + law), sidelaw (cognate of side <OE sidu, "custom, note, manner" + law) | |
convergence | n | meeting | - | |
conversation | n | talk, mailing | underholding (calque: NHG Unterhaltung) | |
converse | vb | speak, talk | - | |
conversely |
adv/ |
on the other hand, otherwise | - | |
conversion | n | - | umbuild (cf. NHG Umbau) | |
convert | vb | wend, make over | turn over: bewharve (<OE behweorfan) turn around: bewend (<OE bewendan), forwandle | |
convertible | n | drophead, soft-top, hard-top | - | |
convey | vb | give, spread; bear, ferry, deed, make over | inway | |
convict | n | lag | overstale (<OE oferstaélan), haftling (<OE hæftling, cf. NHG Häftling), overstell | |
convince | vb | wheedle, talk round, talk into, win over | overretch (<OE oferreccan; PST&PTCP: overraught) | |
convoy | n | - | wain row | |
cooperate | vb | work together | evenwork (<OE efenweorcan), getherwork (calque: WF gearwurkje), midwork, samework (cf. NO samevirk) | |
cooperative | n | - | neatship, aneatship (cf. NHG Genossenschaft) | |
cop | vb | nab | - | |
cop | n | hound, pig (slang, slightly vulgar) | frith wike (peace officer) | |
cope | vb | deal | - | |
copious | adj | beteeming | - | |
copper (<PWG) | n | - | ore (<OE ār), elfbloom | |
coppern (<PWG) | adj | - | kippern (<OE cypren), earen (<OE ǣren) | |
coppery | adj | - | orelike | |
copse | n | thicket, shaw, holt | - | |
copy | n | - | twin | |
copy | vb | imitate: ape | twin, eftyield, andwrite imitate: evenledge (<OE efenlǣcan) | |
copy & paste | vb | - | twin & tack | |
coral | n/adj | - | limeshaft; yellowpink | |
cord | n | line, rope, string, wire | tew, rib-cloth | |
cord | vb | fasten | - | |
cordial | adj | friendly, hearty, warm | - | |
cords | n | - | manstows | |
corduroy | n | ribbed cloth | rib-cloth, manstow (manchester) | |
core | n | kernel, heart, yolk, innermost being | - | |
coriander | n | - | cloveleaf, clovelobedleaf, broadlobedleaf/bradlobleaf (based on description of leaf) | |
cormorant | n | sea raven | shrab or shrave (<OE scræb), coal-goose | |
cornea | n | - | hornweb, hornflesh | |
corner | n | nook, winkle, hirn, edge | - | |
cornerstone | n | keystone | hirnstone (<OE hyrnstān), edgestone (<PWG *aggjustain) | |
cornflower | n | - | cornblossom | |
corny | adj | corny | corny | |
coronation | n | - | kinhelming (<OE cynehelmung) | |
Corona (beer) | n | - | Wreathbeer (<OE writhabēor) | |
coronavirus | n | - | wreathsmit (<OE writha, <ON smitta) | |
corpor(e)al | adj | bodily | bodisome | |
corporation | n | - | businessbody | |
corpse | n | body, dead body | lich, nee (<OE nēo), likam | |
corpus | n | body | likam | |
Corpus Christi | pn | - | Wistforwandering Day | |
correct | adv/adj | right, aright, befitting | - | |
correct | vb | right, righten, mark | berighten (cf. NHG berichtigen) | |
correction | n | righting | punishment: threal (<OE þrēal)
berightening (cf. NHG Berichtigung) | |
correction fluid | n | whiteout | - | |
correspond | v | match, match up, link, link up, be alike, meet | onspeak (cf. NHG entsprechen) | |
corridor | n | hallway | - | |
corroborate | vb | bear out | - | |
corrode | vb | gnaw | forrot (<OE forrotian), begnaw (<OE begnagan) | |
corrugated | adj | - | wrizzled | |
corrupt | adj/adv | crooked, bent, rot | forrot | |
corslet | n | byrnie | - | |
corvée-work | n | - | workrede (<OE weorcræden) | |
cosmetics | n | fard | - | |
cosmolabe | n | - | tungleheight meter | |
cosmopolitan | n | - | worldsman | |
cosmopolitan | adj | worldly | - | |
cosmos | n | world | allworld, allrow | |
cost | n | outlay, worth | anworth (calque: GO 𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌹) | |
costly | adj | dear | - | |
costume | n | outfit, get-up, fake dress | derning | |
Côte d'Ivoire | n | - | Windward Shore, Tusk Shore, Elpbone Shore | |
cottage | n | hut, cote | sheel | |
cottager | n | - | cotsettle | |
cotton | n | - | seedwool, treewool (calque) | |
council | n | gathering, huddle, board, brotherhood, fellowship, thingstead (<OE þingstede), thingstow (<OE þingstōw) | rede, redemoot, redebody, reevedom | |
counsel | n/vb | lead, shepherd | rede, law-erne (legal-eagle) | |
counselor | n | alder(wo)man | rede(wo)man, redegiver, theagher (<OE þeahere/ġeþeahere) | |
count | vb | tell, reckon | arime | |
count | n | earl | - | |
countenance | n | cast | - | |
counter- | prefix | with-, gain-, wither- | - | |
counterbalance | n | offset | - | |
counterclockwise | adj | withershins | withersunwise | |
counterculture | n | - | otherway, witherkithship | |
counterfeit goods | n | - | apeware, openware | |
counterpart | n | match | witherdeal, evenbilth (cf. NHG Ebenbild) equivalent: gainsteck (cf. NHG Gegenstück) | |
countersign | n | - | gaintoken(ing) (cf. NHG Gegenzeichnung) | |
countersign | vb | - | gaintoken (cf. NHG gegenzeichnen) | |
counterstroke | n | - | witherclap | |
country | n | land, kith, fatherland, homeland, motherland, rich (state)
countryside: weald, upland |
native: ethel (<OE æþel), folkland, erd (<ME), etheldom | |
county | n | shire, ethel, earldom, wapentake, erd, fold | reveship | |
countrywide | adj | landwide | ||
county council | n | thing (<ON þing), folkmoot (<OE folcgemōt), folksmoot (<ME folkesmōt/folkesmot) | shiremoot | |
coup | vb | strike | putsch (<NHG) | |
coup d'état | n | richstrike | - | |
coup de grâce | n | topper | lithing, miltstroke | |
coupling (train/carriage) | n | thill | - | |
coupon | n | - | deemslip | |
courage | n | mettle, boldness, fearlessness, heart, heartiness, daring, backbone | beld/bield (<OE bieldu), noth (<OE noþ) | |
courageous | adj | bold, daring, doughty, fearless, full-hearted, unfrightened, stouthearted | coaf (<ME cōf), thrist (<ME thrīst), onehard (<PWG *ainahard; cf. OS ēnhard, OHG einharti) | |
course | n | line, pathway | lode, begang, erning (<OE ierning), shrithe (<OE), yong (<OE geong), rin (<OE ryne) | |
course (academic) | n | - | learnset, loregang, lorestream | |
court | n/vb | hof | vb: splunt (<Scots) | |
courteous | adj | fairspoken | hovely | |
courtyard | n | - | hallyard, boroughyard (<OE burggeard) | |
cousin | n | kins(wo)man | nearkin, farsib, needmay (< OE nīdmæge ⁊ OE nīdmāge)
male: sweer (<OE geswēor), swire (<OE geswigra) | |
coven | n | - | witchring | |
covenant | n | oath, deal, bond, binding | - | |
cover | n | holster, sheath | heling, helm, thacking, taching, decking, beweave (<OE bewǣfan and <ME biwēven) | |
cover | vb | thatch/thack, overlay, hide, deck, overspread | hele (Eng. dialectal), helm, bewree (<OE bewrēon) | |
coverage | n | - | yondfetching, overthetching, overthatching, overhealing, yondhealing | |
covered area | n | deck, roofed deck | heling (<ME hillet), helm (<OE helmian) | |
covering | n | skin, feathers, hackles | heling, overwrigels (<OE oferwrigels) | |
cover with | vb | lay on | - | |
covert | adj | hidden, shrouded, stealthy, under wraps, | heled | |
cover-up | n | whitewash, hush-work | shroudening | |
covet | vb | crave, want, hunger after, thirst after, cast greedy eyes upon | - | |
covetous | adj | greedy, graspy, grabby, hoggish, wanting | - | |
coward | n | cowerer, wimp, woos, fearer, nithing | arg (<OE earg), flytail, feyling (cf. NHG Feigling) | |
cowardice | n | cowering | arghness (<ME arghnes), argth (<OE iergþ) | |
cowardly | adj | argh, cowering, gutless, thewless, woosy, fearful | fey/fay (<OE fæge, cf. NHG feige), cowerly | |
coworker | n | by-worker, fellow worker, workmate | - | |
Cp[] | ||||
CPU (Central Processing Unit) | n | main chip | - | |
Cq[] | ||||
Cr[] | ||||
cranium | n | skull | head-bowl (OE heafod - bolla) | |
crater | n | - | bowl (calque), barrowbowl | |
cravat | n | necktie, neckcloth | - | |
crayon | n | - | waxlimestone | |
cream | n | salve, ream, milk's head | fleede (OE fliete) | |
crease | n/vb | wrinkle, rumple, rimple, runkle | - | |
create | vb | beget, build, craft, make, set up, shape, hatch | ashapen | |
creation | n | brainchild, wrinke; world, rise | shaping, ashapenning, fromship | |
creative | adj | - | cunsty (cf. NL kunstzinnig), shaperly, makerly (cf. NHG schöpferisch), thoughtrich | |
creator | n | maker, crafter | ashapenner | |
creature | n | wight | making (horrible creature, monster), awe-grimer, aies-grimer, allwight, edshaft, shape, forthshaft, eges-grime (a horrible mask; a creature with horrible form) | |
credence | n | belief | - | |
credibility | n | - | liefworthiness, beliefworthiness, beliefworthihood (cf. NHG glaubtwürdigkeit) | |
credible | adj | - | liefworthy, beliefworthy (cf. NHG glaubwürdig), oathworthy, intrusty, inliefsome | |
credit | n | hail, acknowledging | inlief, intrust, forthtrust, oathworth, borrowworth | |
creed | n | belief | - | |
cremate | vb | bale | - | |
creme de la creme | n | bee's knees, dog's bollocks, best of the best, fat of the land, best | - | |
crepuscular | adj | twilighty | - | |
crepuscule | n | twilight, darkfall, dusk, nightfall, gloaming, evenfall, eventide, sundown | downset | |
crescent | n | moonsickle | - | |
crest | n | ridge, noon, top, high-water mark | ris, comb | |
cretaceous | adj | - | chalken, chalkish, chalky, limestonish, limestony | |
cretin | n | blighter; nit | - | |
crevasse | n | cleft | - | |
crevice | n | cleft, gap, hole | - | |
crew | n | manning (cf. NL bemanning) | ||
crewel | n | wool-yarn | ||
crime | n | lawbreaking, shame, sin, wrongdoing, misdeed | shild (<OE scyld), gilt (<OE gylt), forwrought (<OS farwurht) | |
criminal | n | crook, outlaw, lawbreaker | sinner: guiltend (<OE gyltend) | |
crimson | n | - | deep red, base (<OE basu/baso) | |
crisis | n | - | needtime | |
criterion | n | yardstick, hallmark, need | deemrimmer | |
critic | n | scather, blaster | - | |
critical | adj | weighty, key, scathing | - | |
criticize | vb | slag, knock, brand, upbraid, flak | - | |
criticism | n | scathing | - | |
crocodile | n | - | nicker (<OE nicor, cf. OHG nihhus), pebbleworm (calque), waterdrake (coined by Old English wikipedia) | |
croissant | n | - | moonbread | |
cross (<ON) | n | - | rood, syebeam (<OE sigebēam) | |
cross (<ON) | vb | - | thwarse, stride over | |
crossing | n | overgang (calque: NHG Übergang) | ||
crown | n | kine-helm | bee | |
crown | vb | - | kinehelm, wreathe | |
crucifix | n | rood (archaic) | roodfastening, onrooding, gallowing | |
crucify | vb | - | roodfasten, onrood, ongallow, gallowen | |
crucifixion | n | - | onrood, onrooding, onroodness, gallowth, gallowing, gallowness | |
crude | adj | rough, raw | - | |
cruel | adj | harsh, mean, ruthless, cold, unfeeling | reethe (<OE réðe), slithen (<OE slīþene) | |
cruelty | n | meanness, harshness, ruthlessness | moanbale (<OE mānbealu), slithenness | |
cruise | vb | - | thwarse (lit. to cross) | |
cruiser | n | - | thwarser, thwarseship | |
crusade | n | krosscampagne | roodfirding | |
crust | n | - | rind (<OE rind) | |
crustacean | n | crab, (US regional variants): crawfish, crayfish, crawdad | shelldeer (cf. NHG Schalentier), crabkin, nookmig | |
cry | n | roop, yell, shout, whine, wail, moan | lide, liding (<OE gehlȳd; cf. NHG Lied) | |
cry | vb | weep, shout, wail, yell, howl, sob, roup, cleep | chy (<OE cigan) | |
cryogenic | adj | - | coldly | |
cryotherapy | n | - | coldbehandling | |
crypt | n | - | thesterlock, thestercove, lich-keep, undercroft | |
cryptocurrency | n | - | keepminthood, hidden minthood | |
cryptography | n | - | hidden writing | |
crystal | n | - | hurst (<OE hyrst) | |
crystal | adj | - | hursten (cf. Eng. golden) | |
crystalline | adj | - | hursty | |
Cs[] | ||||
Ct[] | ||||
Cu[] | ||||
-cule | sfx | - | -gale/gazle (calque of Latin -culus, which itself is from -cus + -ulus, -cus is cognate with PG *-gaz and -ulus is cognate with -le, derived from PG *-ilaz, combining *-gaz + -le -> -gale) | |
cub | n | - | whelp | |
cube | n | - | worvel (cf. NHG Würfel) | |
cuckoo | n | - | yeke, gawk | |
cucumber | n | - | greenpod, earthapple (<OE eorþæppel) | |
cuisine | n | cooking | foodcraft | |
cull | vb | choose, pick, pick out, pitch on, pitch upon, sift, winnow, gather, pluck, pickup | - | |
cull | n | pickings, siftings | - | |
cul de sac | n | dead end | sackbackstreet (calque: NHG Sackgasse), stitchstreet (calque: NHG Stichstraße) | |
culminate | vb | - | nib | |
cult | n | - | lesserbelief, lessertrow, lessertroth | |
cultivate | vb | till, harvest, work | - | |
culture | n | couth, folklore, way of life, folkways | ways, menning (calque: IC menning), kithship, kithlike (calque: NHG Kegelheit), lore | |
culvert | n | - | leat, ditch | |
cumbersome | adj | clumsy, burdensome, unwieldy, awkward | - | |
cuneiform bones | n | - | wedgebones | |
cuneiform writing | n | - | wedge-shaped writing | |
cup | n | - | nap or nep (<OE hnæpp) | |
cure | vb | heal | - | |
curiosity | n | witfire | firwitnes (<OE fyrwitnes) newsgreed, newsgreediness, knowkeen | |
curious | adj | - | firwit (<OE firwit), newsyearny, newsgreedy, knowkeen | |
curious | vb | funny, odd, weird | frimdy (<OE frymdig) | |
curium | n | - | stourstuff (<cf. PG stōraz + PIE -yós; Stour / Curie) | |
curlew | n | whaup | whilpe (<OE hwilpe) | |
currency | n | - | shat (<ME shat/schat ⁊ <OE sceatt) unit: shilling (<NE ⁊ <OE scilling), minonehood (cf. NL munteenheid) | |
current | adj | nowaday, today's, now's, nowadays', running | nowen, tidegang/tidegeng (<OE), evenrunning, eventime | |
current | n | run, drift, leaning, tide, wind, now | brimstream (<OE), eystream (<OE iegstream), streamfare, waystream (<OE) Electricity, water, etc.: instream, inrun, flowbore, runbore | |
currently | adv | as of yet, now, nowenly | - | |
curriculum | n | - | learnplot | |
cursive | adj | handwritten | flow-staved | |
cursor | n | runner | - | |
curtail | vb | cutback, forshorten, foreshorten, clip | - | |
curtain | n | - | hanger, hangcloth, forehang | |
curve | n | bow, bend, wind | bendle | |
custody | n | hold, hands | warding | |
custard | n | vla, stich | ||
custom | adj | bespoken | thew, folkway | |
custom | n | wone, wont, business, trade | side, toln (<OE) | |
customary | adj | - | wonely | |
customization | n | - | besunderledge (from Minecraft) | |
cutaneous | adj | skin, hide | hidish, hidely | |
cutaneous disease | n | tetter, scurf, scurvy | - | |
cute | adj | pretty, sweet, lief | goldy (cf. NHG goldig), sooth | |
cutlass | n | backsword | - | |
cutlery | n | silverware | - | |
Cv[] | ||||
CV (curriculum vitae) | n | life-tracker, life tale | - | |
Cw[] | ||||
Cx[] | ||||
Cy[] | ||||
cyan | adj | - | hewengreen; teal (for dark cyan) | |
cycad | n | - | firtapfolm (cf. SW kottepalmer) | |
cycle | n | age, circle, round, once around | ||
cyclist | n | biker | wheeler | |
cyclone | n | - | whirlwind | |
cygnet |
n | swanling | - | |
cylinder | n | - | drum, sinweltling (cf. IC sívalningur) | |
cynical | adj | sneering | - | |
cynology | n | - | doglore | |
cynosure | n | - | hoardvat (<OE hordfæt) | |
Cz[] |