ritiStaff C of the English Wordbook.
Basic abbreviations:
- OE = Old English
- ME = Middle English
- SC = Scots
- WF = West Frish
- NF = North Frish
- SF = Saterlandish Frish
- WLG = West Low Theech
- ELG = East Low Theech
- NL = Netherlandish
- NHG = New High Theech
- IC = Icelandish
- HIC = High Icelandish
- NO = Nornish
- SW = Swedish
- DN = Danish
- MLG = Middle Low Theech
- MNL = Middle Netherlandish
- MHG = Middle High Theech
- OF = Old Frish
- OS = Old Saxish
- OHG = Old High Theech
- ON = Old Norse
- GO = Gottish
- PWG = Or-West-Theedish
- PG = Or-Theedish
For a full list of etymological and other abbreviations used in these wordlists, see: Offshortenings.
|
Class | Anglish/English | |
| Attested | Unattested | ||
| caballine | adj | horselike, horsely | - |
| cabaret | n | club, nightspot, roadhouse, nightclub | - |
| cabbage | n | cole, kale | - |
| cabinet | n | hutch, sideboard, locker | mugboard, hoarding office: ambight, redeship |
| cable | n | wire, rope | ropewire |
| caboose | n | - | ward wagon, aftwagon |
| cacao | n | - | brownbean |
| cache | n | hoard | putstow, bike |
| cacophony | n | rattle, roar, din | - |
| cadaver | n | shell, framework, slang: stiff, body, dead body |
boneshaft |
| cadaverous | adj | deathly, wan, bloodless, ashen, hollow-eyed | - |
| cadet | n | - | forefighter |
| cadmium | n | - | Wodan |
| cæcum | n | - | blindtharm, blindgut |
| Cæsar | n | overlord | - |
| cæsium | n | - | silverwhite, lightbrick mote |
| café | n |
tearoom (note: "tea" is international vocabulary, not native English), roadhouse; taproom, watering hole |
- |
| cafeteria | n | lunchroom, lunch house | - |
| cajole | vb | soft-soap, sweet-talk, wheedle | - |
| calamari | n | cuttlefish | - |
| calcaneüs | n | heelbone | - |
| calcium | n | - | limemote |
| calcium carbonate | n | - | coalsour lime (cf. WFr. koalsoere kalk) |
| calculate | vb | reckon, work out | - |
| calculator | n | - | handreckoner |
| calculus | n | reckoning | flowreckoning, rimming, telgrinding (OE rim, tal 'number') |
| calendar | n | daybook | timetale |
| calisthenics | n | drills | - |
| calligraphy | n | longhand | pretty writing, litwriting |
| calligraphy pen | n | - | longhandwritingise/-iron (<longhand + OE wrītungīsen, "style pen"), wlitwritingise/-iron (compound of "wlitwriting" + OE wrītingīsen) |
| callous | adj | hardened, cold-hearted, flint-hearted, heartless, soulless, stony, stony-hearted, steely, thick-skinned, unfeeling | - |
| calm | adj | lown, flack | roolie (Eng., Du. rolig, Ic. roleg, NHG ruhig) (see also roo) |
| calm | vb | lull, settle, soothe | beroolie (cf. NHG. beruhigen) |
| calumniate | vb | grime, sully, betell, | forwray (<OE forwregan) |
| calque | n | loanword, borrowing | loanoversetting (<NHG Lehnübersetzung) |
| calyx | n | - | bloomleaf |
| camel | n | - | olvend, (<OE olfend) twohump, drylander |
| camera | n | - | bildfanger |
| camouflage | n |
dapple, (dappling, dappleshell, dapplehide, dappleclad, dappleteld) dazzle-painting (attested) |
derning (<OE diernan, cf. NHG Tarnung) |
| camomile | n | - | maylix |
| camp | n | leaguer (from Dutch), lair, haltstead | |
| campaign | n | bandwagon, drive, juggernought, push | military: axfare (<OE æxfaru) fieldtought (<Du.) |
| campaign | vb | take the stump, barnstorm | - |
| campus | n | - | lorefield, lorerealm, byttel (<OE gebytlu) |
| canal | n | leat, waterway | - |
| cancer | n | zodiac: Crab | disease: Mireless Thrimfold ~ MTF Unlimited Tissue Multiplication |
| candelabrum | n | - | glimtree |
| candidate | n | hopeful, ?runner | |
| candied | adj | sweetened | - |
| candy | n | sweets | sweetiness |
| canine | adj | doggy, houndlike | - |
| cannon | n | - | dunspar (contr. of dun and spear)
Fallbuss (cf. Ic. Fallbyssa) |
| cannibal | n | maneater | selfeater (<OE selfæta) |
| canoe | n | dugout | - |
| canvas | n | - | hempcloth |
| canyon | n | gulch | - |
| capacity | n | room, berth; strength, gift, readiness | heldth |
| cape | n | sleeveless coat geography: foreland, headland, ness |
- |
| capital | n/adj | wealth, means, wherewithal; sterling; foremost | city: reevetown, kinesettle (<OE cynesetl)
letter (ABC): greatbookstave (cf. NHG großbuchstabe) |
| capitalist | n | silk stocking | - |
| capitalization | n | - | block writing |
| capricious | adj | fickle | nyckfull (<Sw, cf. Du. nikkig) |
| capsize | vb | keel, upset, overwend | wemmel |
| captain | n | headman, leader | shipper (<M Du. scipper and MnE skipper) |
| caption | n | - | underwrit (cf. Du. underschrift, NHG bildunterschrift) |
| captivate | vb | wile | witch |
| captive | n/adj | penned, locked up | n: haftling (<OE hæftling)
adj: hafted |
| captivity | n | - | (y-/a-)haftness (<OE gehæftednes) |
| capture | vb | nail, take, kidnap, steal, swipe, nab | latch |
| capybara | n | waterswine | |
| car | n | slang:
wheels, ride, hot rod, roadster |
wain, horseless |
| caravan | n | - | kinwagon, housewagon (cf. Sw. husvagn) |
| carbon | n | chark, soot | coalstuff, lifestuff |
| carbon dioxide | n | - | wortloft |
| carburator | n | - | forelofter |
| carcass | n | bones, stiff, lich | |
| cardiac arrest | n | heartstop | - |
| cardinal (Church official) | n | - | godsearl (cf. H Ic. guðsjarl)
Whule (cf. Sw. Hwul) |
| cardinal (bird) | n | redbird | - |
| career | n | calling, game (inf.), walk of life | - |
| caress | vb | fondle, stroke | - |
| cargo | n | draft, freight, haul, loading, weight | - |
| caribou | n | reindeer | - |
| carnal | adj | fleshly | - |
| carnal attraction | n | - | fleshspaning (OE spanan 'attract') |
| carnation | n | - | nailling (cf. NHG Nelke)
nailbloom |
| carnivore | n | meateater, flesheater | - |
| carouse | vb | birle | - |
| carousel | n | - | trindle |
| carpenter | n | woodworker |
woodsmith, woodcraftsman, treewright (<trēowwyrhta) pl: treewrighten (<OE trēowwyrhtan) |
| carpentry | n | woodwork(ing), woodcraft, woodcarving | - |
| carpet | n | - | stepcloth, floorcloth, groundcloth |
| carriage | n | bearing | wain |
| carrot | n | more (<OE moru; cf. NHG Möhre) |
- |
| carry | vb | bear, weigh, ferry, take, | - |
| cartoon | n | - | livedrawing |
| cartouche | n | - | deckwrit |
| cartridge | n | bag, load, holder | - |
| case | n |
hull, husk, pod, sheath, shell; box in case: lest, by fear of, if... should, befall |
grammar: fall
in case: fall case: fall |
| cashew | n | - | kidneyapple |
| cashewnut | n | - | kidneynut |
| casing | n | shell, brass | - |
| casino | n | - | bethall, bethouse, gaming house |
| cast away | vb | - | anbewarp (<OE anbeweorpan) |
| castle | n | burg, stronghold
innermost keep |
stronghouse, fastenwork (<OE "fæsten" + "weorc", cf German "Festung"), chestel (<Latinate OE "ċeastel") |
| casual | adj | breezy, blithe, light-hearted | - |
| cat | n | puss | - |
| catch | vb | snare, snarl, snag, latch, fang, nab | - |
| catechism | n | - | frodleering (cf. Ic. Trúfræðslurit) |
| catechize | vb | grill, sweat slang | frayn |
| categorize | vb | - | fade (<OE fadian) |
| caterpillar | n | - | cawlworm (<OE cawelwyrm), leafworm (<OE leafwyrm), mealshave (<OE mælsceafa) |
| cathedral | n | - | headchurch |
| catheter | n | - | leat |
| cathode | n | - | downway |
| catholic | adj | - | broad church |
| catkin | n | - | bloomtail |
| cattle | n | cows, livestock, kine, nowt, fee, neat | - |
| Caucasian (race) | n | white | Caucasish, Caucaser |
| cauldron | n | (big) kettle | - |
| cauliflower | n | - | bloomcole |
| cause | n | bring-about, let-on, wherefrom | frum (<OE fruma), onlet, orsake (calque from many Germanic languages) |
| cause | vb | beget, breed, drive, make, work, yield | fuse (<ME fusen), fororsake (calque of many Germanic languages) |
| cause, without | adv | - | hoolings (<OE holunga) |
| caustic | adj | burning | - |
| cautery | n | tharm tool | |
| caution | n | wariness, forewit, care, reck | - |
| cavalier | n | horseman | kingfollower (Charles II) |
| cavalry | n | horsemen, riders | ridery (cf. NHG Reiterei) |
| cave | n | - | cleave (<OE cleofa), delve |
| cavil | vb | carp | - |
| cavity | n | dint, hollow, pit | - |
| cease | vb | stop, lay off, halt, give up, leave off, blin | - |
| ceasefire | n | truce | weaponsstandstill (cf. Du.
wapenstilstand, NHG. Waffenstillstand) |
| cede | vb | yield, hand over, give up, | orgive, oryeve
overgive (Eng., NHG. übergeben, Du. overgeven, Dan. overgive) |
| celebrate | vb | - | frealse (<OE freolsian) |
| celebration | n | - | freal (<OE freolisan) |
| celery | n | - | fenroot |
| celestial bow | n | rainbow, heaven's bow | - |
| celestial sphere | n | - | rother (<OE rodor) |
| cell | n | hole, room | frum (cf. Ic. fruma), lifebrick |
| cell division | n | - | frumcleaving |
| cellulose | n | - | treestrand |
| cellar | n | - | cloft (OE cleofa) |
| cello | n | - | knee-fiddle (Icelandic calque) |
| cement | n | - | gilpstan (OE gilp):dust powder & stone. |
| cemetery | n | graveyard, boneyard, burying-ground. Obsolete: lich-rest (in OED) | church-litten, still-hill (slang) |
| censorship | n | - | cleaning |
| censure | vb | upbraid | - |
| census | n | tale | marking (cf. OE tomearcodnes), folktally |
| cent | n | penny, hundredth | - |
| centimeter | n | - | pennibeat |
| centaur | n | - | manhorse, halfhorse |
| centipede | n | - |
leafworm |
| central | adj | overriding; midway, midmost; middle-of-the-road | midwise, midly |
| centre | n | heart; middle, midst | - |
| centurion | n | - | hundfrea (<OE hundfrēa) pl: hundfreën (<OE hundfrēan) |
| century | n | yearhundred (<NHG. Jahrhundert) |
- |
| cereal | n | - | morningcorn (cf. Ic. morgunkorn) |
| certain | adj | wis | sicker (Eng., calque Ger. speeches)
specific: bestevened (cf. NHG bestimmt) (see steven) |
| certainly | adv | wisly | sickerly |
| certainty | n | - | Wishood (NHG. Gewissheit) |
| certificate | n | - | sickering, beshining (cf. NHG bescheinigung) |
| certify | v | - | beshine (calque of Ger. speeches)
confirm: besteady (calque of Ger. speeches) |
| cerulean | adj | - | swail blue |
| cerumen | n | earwax | - |
| chain | n | shackle, fetter | - |
| chair | n | seat, stool | settle |
| chalice | n | bowl | way(e) (<OE wæge) |
| chalk | n | limestone | limestonestick |
| challenge | n/vb | knot; dare; becall | - |
| chamber | n | room; bay (enclosed space) | - |
| chameleon | n | - | blending athex, wristlehue athex faying athex (<OE fágian 'to change in color, vary, be variegated') |
| chance | n | luck, opening | by chance: faringly (<OE færinga) |
| change | vb/n |
shift, switch, makeover dough (cash), warp |
frother (for- + other; cf. Fr. feroaring, Du. veranderen, NHG. verändern)
wend, char, wristle (<OE wrixlian) |
| channel | n | fairway, race, ford | sound (<OE sund 'long narrow inlet') |
| chaos | n | mess | dwolm(e) (<OE dwolma) |
| Charlemagne | n | Carl the Great | - |
| character | n | clay, selfhood, self, shtick |
letter (abc): rune/roun, bookstave sign: token being in a story: hoad (<OE hād) ethics: moodstathel (<OE mōdstaðol) |
| charge | n/vb | fill, load, outlay; lading | military: angriff |
| charged | adj | owing, laden (electric) | - |
| charitable | adj | kind, freehanded, freehearted, unselfish, unsparing, unstinting | kysty/kisty (<OE cystig) |
| charity | n | help, gift, hand-out; goodness, goodwill, fellow feeling; alms, dole; ruth; brotherhood | kistiness |
| charlatan | n | swindler | - |
| charming | adj | friendly, lovely, winsome, comely | - |
| charter | n | - | rightsledging; booking (from OE book -- "assignment of land by charter") |
| chase | vb | hotfoot, put to flight | - |
| chastise | vb | chew out, chide, flay, hammer, jaw, keelhaul, ream out, tongue-lash, upbraid | threap |
| cheat | n/vb |
shark, bilk, do in, nobble, rip off, rig, swindle; shark, dodger, swindler, lirt, belirt, threap |
- |
| checkers (game) | n | Draughts | - |
| cheer | n | glee, merriness, mirthfulness | - |
| cheer | vb | gladden, root, hearten, perk up, blithen | bemirth |
| chef d'oeuvre | n | masterwork | reevework
mastersteck (cf. Du. meesterstuk) |
| chemistry | n | - | blendlore |
| cherish | vb | hold dear, cleave to; care for, love, look after, shelter; harbor | - |
| chestplate (armour, see tunic) | n | chesthelm, breasthelm | - |
| chief | n | ringleader | - |
| chieftain | n | - | heretoughe (<OE heretoha) pl: heretoughen (<OE heretohan)
headling (cf. NHG Häuptling) |
| chili | n | - | hotcride |
| chime | vb | ring, toll | - |
| chimpanzee | n | - | mockman (chimpanzee in Tshiluba language means mockman) |
| China | n | Middle Kingdom | Midrike (cf. H Ic. Miðríki) |
| Chinese Characters | n | - | hanrunes/-rouns ( calque), hanwrit (calque) |
| chivalrous | n | big, greathearted, high-minded, lofty, lordly | hovely |
| chivalry | n | knightliness | lordlihood, kindhood, riderliness (for sake of "knight" meaning servant, NHG "Ritter") |
| chlorine | n | - | yellowgreenstuff |
| chlorophyll | n | leafgreen | - |
| chocolate | n | bitternut | - |
| chocolate milk | n | bittermilk | - |
| choice | n | choosing, picking, wale | |
| cholesterol | n | - | gallvat |
| chrestomathy | n | - | nuttlecouthness (calque of Gk. compound, nuttle <OE nyttol 'useful' for 'chresto-' + couthness <OE cuþnes 'knowledge' for '-mathy') |
| Christian | n/adj | - | Crist(ish/ly)
n: "Christer" |
| Christianity | n | - | Christendom |
| Christmas | n | Yule | Cristesmass (<OE) |
| chromosome | n | - | lifepith |
| chromatid | n | - | lifepith half |
| chronicle | n | ledger, tale, saga | cranic (<OE) |
| chronology | n | timeline | timeflow |
| chrysanthemum | n | - | goldbloom |
| church | n | - | Cristish worshiphouse, holy house |
| cider | n | apple wine | - |
| cigar | n | smoke | smokelog, smokewrap, windle (calque of Icelandic vindill) |
| cigarette | n | smoke, fag, butt, stompie | - |
| cinema | n | - | bilds, filmhouse |
| cinquefoil | n | - | fiffinger |
| cipher | n | - | homewrit (cf. Dutch geheimschrift) |
| circa | prep | about, | umbe
(Eng., <OE, cf,. NHG um) |
| circle | n | ring, loop, wreath, trindle, trundle | trind |
| circuit | n | ringway | |
| circulate | vb | flow; broadcast | umflow |
| circulation | n | flow | umfaring, forfaring
umflow |
| circulatory system | n | bloodstream | - |
| circum-/ circul- | pfx | um- | |
| circumambulate | v | walk around | |
| circumcise | vb | cut | rend, umcut, umsnithe (<OE ymbsniðan), besnithe (cf. NHG beschneiden) |
| circumference | n | rim, outring | rimlength, rimreach, rimspan,
Umgang (Eng.) |
| circumflex | n | - | stavehat |
| circumnavigate | n | - | Umship (NHG. umshiffen) |
| circumspect | adj | careful, watchful | - |
| circumstance | n | doom, hap, luck | umstand (cf. NHG. umstand/ OE ymbstandenness) umstalling |
| circumvent | vb | shortcut, sidestep; girdle, ring | umwork |
| circus | n | big top | - |
| cirrocumulus | n | - | curlcloud |
| citizen | n | towns(wo)man, burgher |
burrough(wo)man, burrow/oughlede (<OE burglēod) |
| citizenship | n | - | burghership (Eng., cf. NHG bürgerschaft, Du. burgerschap) |
| citroen | n | sourapple | - |
| city | n | borough, burgh, burg, town | stead |
| civet cat | n | - | slipcat |
| civil law | n | - | folk(s)law |
| civilian | n | - | ethel(wo)man |
| civility | n | - | hoveliness |
| civilization | n | - | lifeness, folkhood, settledhood, folkdom |
| civilize | vb | tame, settle | couthen |
| clairvoyance | n | - | sixth feeling |
| claim | n | call, dibs, right; share, stake | forehold |
| clamor | n | din | greeding |
| clan | n | body, crowd, network, ring, set; blood, folks, house, kindred, line, set | - |
| clarify | vb | shed light on | swotel; sweetle explain |
| class | n | set; feather | flock (i.e. as in school) (use comparable to Ic. 'flokki'); standing (i.e. social class) |
| classic | adj | token | mean; highflack (flack <Du. vlak 'level') |
| classical | adj | - | everswin |
| classification | n | tag, brand | fading (<OE fadung) |
| classify | vb | tag, brand | fade (<OE fadian) |
| claustrophobia | n | - | tightfear |
| clear | adj | sharp; lily-white | sheer, swotel (<OE sweotol) |
| clearing | n | - | riding (<OE hrydung) |
| clergy | n | church, cloth | |
| clergyman | n | churchman, father, shepherd, man of the cloth | - |
| cliché | n/adj | hackneyed, moth-eaten; n: groaner | - |
| climate | n | - | loftlay (cf. Ic. loftslag) |
| clinic | n | - | ail room |
| clitoris | n | bean | - |
| clock | n | timer | daymale, stounder, logger |
| clockwise | adj | sunwise | - |
| clone | n/vb |
twin |
- |
| close | vb | shut, narrow | - |
| close | adj | near, narrow, nearby | - |
| co- | pref | fellow, by-, i- | - |
| coalition | n | - | |
| coast | n | seashore, seaboard, strand; sail, drift | searim, warth |
| coat of arms | n | - | kinshield, wappen |
| cockroach | n | - | shave (cf. NHG Schabe) |
| cocoa (bean) | n | bitternut, bitterbean, bitterseed | - |
| cocoa (drink) | n | bitterbrew | - |
| coconut | n | - | skulnut (calque of Spa. and Por. "coco" (skull) + nut) |
| coëval | n/adj | - | even-old |
| coffer | n | - | hoardvat (<OE hordfæt) |
| coffin | n | casket | thrugh, through (<ME þruh, <OE), throgh (<ME þroh, variant of "þruh") |
| cognate | n | - | kinword |
| cognizant | adj | aware | rathe |
| cohabit | vb | live together | by-live |
| coil | n | ring, twine, bight, whorl, winding | whirlwire |
| coin | n | - | mint (cf. NHG Münze) |
| coincidence | n | happen-so (in OED, US regional colloq.) | likehappening, tofall (calqu of all Ger. speeches) |
| coitus | n | - | swiving, heamedlock (<OE hæmedlac), bysleep (<NHG Beischlaf) |
| cojones | n | balls, guts | - |
| colic | n | - | bellyharm |
| collapse | n/vb | downfall, infall, swooning | cleave in vb |
| colleague | vb | workmate, fellow worker | - |
| collect | vb | gather | sam (<OE samnian) |
| collection | n | gathering, thingstock | samming (cf. NHG Sammlung) |
| colonize | vb | settle, take over, spread through(out) | - |
| colony | n | - | landhold |
| colo(u)r | n | hue, cast, blee, light wavelength | farbe (<OE færbu, cf. NHG Farbe), huecast |
| colo(u)r | vb | hue, dye, shade, blee | farbe |
| column | n | upright | sile |
| combat | n | fight, hild | gouth |
| combination | n | binding, tying, knotting, fastening, gathering | forbinding (cf. NHG Verbindung) |
| combine | vb | bind, tie, knot, fasten, gather | gatherbind, withbind,
forbind (cf. NHG verbinden) |
| combustible | n/adj | adj: fiery
n: tinder |
adj:
fireworthy n: tinderkin (<OE tyndercyn) |
| comedian | n | funnyman | funspeller, lustspeller, laughtersmith |
| comedy | n | - | funplay, lustplay (cf. NHG Lustspiel) |
| comet | n | shooting star | Faxed-star: resemblance to hair flowing in the breeze; tailstar, strealer |
| comfort | n | liss, frover | weem (<OE weman), soothefulness |
| comfortable | adj | soft, lithe, snug | queem (<Scots, cf. NHG bequem)
frover -ly/-some |
| comestible | adj | eating | - |
| comic | n | funny | - |
| comics | n | - | talestrips, livestrips |
| command | n | behest, bidding |
wordbebod (<OE) urgent: needbebode (<OE nīedbebod) |
| command | n | headship | - |
| command | vb | bid, lead, behest; spearhead | sway |
| commander | n | head |
campelder (<OE campealdor), bebeedend (<OE bebēodend), herareaswer (<OE heraræswa), hildewise (<OE hildewīsa), heratow (<OE heratoga) |
| commandment | n | behest; (Torah) teachings | bodeword, mustsaying |
| commence | vb | begin, start | - |
| commensurate | adj | fitting | - |
| comment | n | - | bemarking |
| commentary | n | input, feedback | upmarking (cf. Du opmerking ) |
| commerce | n | business, trade; dealings | chepstow |
| commercial | adj | businesswise | tradewise |
| commit | vb | do, betake, plight | theen (<OE ġeþēon) |
| common | adj |
household: cut-and-fry, workaday; broad-brush, overall; shared; middling; lowbrow; everyday, wonted peasants churlish |
mean (<OE gemæne, NHG. Gemein 2nd ety.)
wonesome (<OE wune 'custom') |
| Commonwealth | n | Onehoodness, Kinwealth
ledewealth (cf. Ic, Fa. lýðveldi) kinwise (<OE cynewise) thoftkinwise | |
| commotion | n | - | stirness (<OE styrenes) |
| communicate | vb | spread; brainstorm; bespeak | - |
| communicative | adj | chatty | speakol (<OE sprecol) |
| communion | n | fellowship | - |
| communism | n | - | sharedom, folkwield |
| communist | adj | - | folkwieldly, sharedomish |
| community | n | fellowship | meanship (calque NHG Gemeinschaft), borough-weren |
| compact | adj | hard, stiff, unyielding; crowded, packed, thick, tight; thumbnail (expression) | withfasted, withfied |
| Compact Disc | n | - | dishling, withfasted ring (WFR) |
| CD-ROM | n | - | WFR-read only bemindings |
| companion | n | fellow, mate |
samedsithe (<OE samodġesīð), evenlytte (<OE æfenhlytta) pl: evenlytten (<OE ævenhlyttan), feer(e) (<OE ġefēre) |
| company | n | business, outfit; brotherhood, fellowship | - |
| comparative | n | - | overlikening (e.g. bodylore 'anatomy') |
| compare | vb | liken, stack up | aliken (OE anlician), withmete |
| compassion | n | feeling; kindness, ruth; goodwill | milts (<OE) |
| compassionate | adj | kind, feeling, ruthful | - |
| compatible | adj | kindred | samehaft (cf. Ic. samhæft) |
| compatriot | n | kinsman | landsman (<OE Landesmann)
fellow-land(wo)man |
| compel | vb | - |
thring, bede (<OE ġebædan) |
| compensation | n | meed |
forgooding (cf. Du. vergoeding), froofor (<OE frōfor) |
| competent | adj | fit, good; fair, right | - |
| compete | v | wedbestride (grounded on NHG. wettbewerb stehen) | |
| competition | n | Wedbewharve (<NHG wettbewerb)
more new: Wedbestriding (the wedding of bestriding) see bestride | |
| compile | vb | put together | - |
| complain | vb | whine, bitch, caterwaul, moan, gripe, whinge | - |
| complete | adj | full, whole; done, over, through, up; in depth, thorough; all-ou-, downright, flat-out, sheer, stark, stone, straight-out, thorough, utter; out-and-out; skillful, full-standing, thoroughgoing | - |
| complete | vb | fulfill, end, overcome | full-do, full-end |
| completely | adv | outright, fully, utterly, thoroughly, through and through, inside-out, to the hilt, altogether, deeply. soundly, | throughground(l)y (cf. Du. doorgrondig ) |
| complex | adj | manifold, knotted, snarled | - |
| complexion | n | hue, look, blee, ilk, kind, suchness, way, outlook | skin-look, skin-hue |
| compliant | adj | toward, abiding | followsome |
| complicate | vb/adj | - | maze, intangle, manifold |
| complicated | adj | knotty, tangled | manifold (<OE) |
| compliment | n/vb | - | n: sweaseness (<OE geswæsnys)
vb: swease (<OE swæs) n/vb : lofe (<OE lof, cf. NHG Lob) |
| complimentary | adj | - | sweasely (<OE swæs + -lic)
lofeing |
| compline | n | - | nightsong (<OE nihtsang, akin to "Evensong") |
| composer | n | - | swinsmith, leethwriter |
| composition | n | layout | swincraft |
| compound | n | cocktail, meld, mix | word: forbinding (cf. NHG Verbindung) |
| comprehensive | adj |
all-in, thorough; whole; all-out adv: fully, inside-out, throough and through |
begriping (calque)
invatting (OE fæt 'vessel'; calque) |
| comprise | vb | make up | inhold, invat (cf. Du. omvatten) |
| compromise | vb/n | tradeoff, deal, vb: meet halfway | - |
| compunction | n | qualm, misgiving | - |
| computation | n | reckoning | - |
| compute(r) | n/vb | - | reckon(er), bitgrinder, bytegrinder, Dencreþ(en) programming: reckoner fore drafting, Denwidspræc computer science: reckoncraft, reckonerlore, Dencraþen |
| comrade | n | fellow |
gade (<OE gada) pl: gaden (<OE gadan), sithe (<OE ġesīð) faithful: trewpoft (<OE trēowġepofta) |
| concatenat | therbinding | ||
| conceal | vb | hide, shroud | mithe |
| concealment | n | hiding; hideaway, lair, nest | dern, hidlock |
| conceivable | adj | thoughtworthy | - |
| conceive | vb | dream; make out, twig |
knit, forseed ken (<OE cennan) |
| concentrate | vb | meet, cluster, gather; fasten; lump; build up, strengthen | - |
| concentrated | adj | crammed | - |
| concentration camp | n | - | shandstead |
| concentric | adj | - | middlesharing |
| concern | n | care, worry, reck | - |
| concerning | prep | as for, as far as, on, toward | - |
| concept | n | mind's eye | begripe (<ME begripen <OE begrīpan
cf. Du begrip, NHG Begriff ) |
| conception | n | mind's eye, thought | bild; of child: beseeding |
|
conclude |
vb | end, wind up, wrap up; break up, leeave off, let up, wind up, wink out; name, settle upon; gather, make out | - |
|
conclusion |
n | ending, finding(s) | endsay |
| concrete | adj | set, settled, full-standing, | gainstandly (NHG. gegenständlich) |
| concurrently | prep | meanwhile, all-the-while, all along | - |
| concussion | n | shell shock | - |
| condemn | vb | - | fordeem, forordeal (cf. Du. veroordelen) |
| condescend | vb | belittle, stoop, talk down, lower | - |
| condition | n | onlay, fettle ;-) | foreworth (cf. Du. voorwaarde) |
| condom | n | warding, rubber, scumbag | - |
| condominium | n | - | wholelordship/whole-lordship (cf. NHG Gesamtherrschaft) |
| conduct | vb | lead, drive | - |
| cone | n | - | keggle (cf. Du. kegel, NHG Kegel, Dan. kegle) |
| confectionary | n | sweets, sweet-shop | - |
| confederacy | n | - | shireship, rickship, Looseband |
| confederate | n | henchman | igade (<OE gegada) |
| confer | vb | bestow, lend, give over | - |
| conference | n | meeting | - |
| confess | vb | acknowledge, own up | beken (Eng., cf. NHG/Du. bekennen) andet (<ME andetten), det |
| confession | n | acknowledging, shrift | andetness (<OE andetnes) |
| confidence | n | belief, hope | - |
| configuration | n | setting, set up, of elements layout | installing (cf. Du instelling ) |
| confine | vb | lock in, keep, trap, fetter, bind, latch, grasp, abed (by illness), bedrid | - |
| confirm | vb | strengthen, starken, acknowledge | Besteady (NHG bestätigen) |
| confirmation | n | strengthening, starkening | Besteadying (NHG bestätigung) |
| confiscate | vb | filch | beslay (cf. beslag ) |
| conflagration | n | fire | - |
| confluence | n | - | rithmeet |
| conform | vb | dovetail; blend, groove; key | evenlike (<OE efenlician) |
| conformism | n | - | evenlyingsbelead |
| conformity | n | - | evenlying |
| confound | vb | befuddle, bewilder, addle | - |
| confront | vb | take on, come at, be up against | - |
| confuse | vb | befuddel, mistake, ravel, bewilder, muddel, mangel, addel | ablend, forwrixle (cf. NHG verwechseln) |
| confusing | adj | manifold, bewildering, muddlesome, misleading | - |
| confusion | n | muddling, mishmash | ablending |
| congregate | v | forgather | - |
| congress | n | gathering, moot, lawmaker body | gathercoming |
| conics | n.pl. | - | kegglehood, kegglelore |
| conjugate | vb | bend | forbow (cf. Du. verbuigen, NHG. verbeugen) |
| conjunction | n | linking word | linkword, bindword, yokeword |
| connect | vb | link, fit, tie-in, bind | - |
| conquer | vb | do down, overcome, upend, worst | aover (calque of many germanic languages) |
| conquest | n | overwin | - |
| consanguinity | n | kinship | - |
| conscience | n | - | thewing, inwit |
| conscious | adj | aware, mindful, heedful, waken |
- |
| consciousness | n | awareness, mindfulness, heedfulness, wake | inwit |
| conscript | vb | draft, call-up | - |
| consecrate | vb | bless, hallow, bename | - |
| consent | n/vb | leave |
thaving, thwaring vb: thwarelalk (<OE þwærlælcan) |
| consequence | n | aftermath, backwash, outcome, upshot; wightiness | offleading (<Ic. af-leiðing) |
| consequently | adv | hence, thereby, thereupon, thus, wherefore | forfollowingly (cf. Du. vervolgens) |
| consider | vb |
heed, bethink, think about, reckon, set down |
hie, hedge (<OE hycgan 'bear in mind, confide, trust'; compare lie < OE licgan, buy < OE bycgan)
awene (<OE awenan) behawe (<OE behawian 'to see clearly, take care') rase (<OE ræswan 'to think suppose suspect consider conjecture') smigh (<OE smēagan 'consider think about mediate examine scrutinize') yondthink (<OE geondþencan 'to reflect upon') hiler (< OE aheolorian 'weigh, balance' beshow (cf. Du. beschouwen) umthink (<OE ymbþencan) |
| consideration | n | thought | - |
| consist of | vb | be made up of | bestand of (cf. NHG bestehen aus) |
| consistency | n | withspeakfreedom (NHG. widerspruchsfreiheit) | |
| consistent | adj | - | weenly (<OE wénlic)
withspeakless (NHG. widerspruchslos) |
| console | vb | frover, soothe, allay sorrow, share grief, give strength and hope | befreefern |
| consolation | n | - | froverness, freefernes (<OE fréfernes), froofor (<OE frōfor) |
| consonant | n/adj | - | withlide, midlide (<NHG Mitlaut), midclinker (Du. medeklinker), samedswaying, sameswaying (<Ælfric's OE samodswegend) |
| conspicuous | adj | - | forthsighly (<OE forþgesýne)
kenspeckle |
| conspire | vb | plot | - |
| constant | adj | ongoing, abiding, steadfast, steady, | onwherft, simble (<OE simbel)
resistant: bestandy/bestanding (NHG. beständig) |
| constipated | adj | - | bellybound |
| constitution | n | clay, self; build, frame, shape; law | forfastening (cf. NHG Verfassung), writlaw |
| constraint | n | - | thwing (<OE geþwing) |
| constrict | vb | tighten | intighten
betighten |
| consulation | n | - | bereding (cf. NHG Beratung) |
| consult | v | check out | |
| consume | vb | eat (up), drain, spend, intake | forbrook (calque), fordaower (cf. Du. verteren, Sw. fortära) |
| consumerism | n | - | fordowering |
| consummate | adj | crack, good, great, skilled; blooming, straight-out; utmost | - |
| consumption | n | intaking | fordowering |
| contact | vb | get, reach | fay |
| contain | vb | hold, inhold, have in itself | - |
| contaminate | vb | befoul | smittel |
| contemplate | vb | - | yondthink (<OE geondþencan) |
| contemplation | n | thought | yondthinking (<OE geondþencan + -ing) |
| contemporary | adj | today's | tidely, fellow-timed, like-timed |
| contempt | n | loathing, hatred | - |
| contemptuous | adj | - | shanding |
| contend | n | set to | - |
| contend (argue) | vb | flite, hold | - |
| content | n/vb | vb: gladden |
inning (<OE innung), inhold (calque from NHG 'Inhalt') of one's character: inwit of one's moodstathel |
| content | adj | pleased, happy, gladdened | fained, list |
| contention | n | wrangling | - |
| contest | n | match | witherwin (<OE wiðerwinn) |
| context | n | light, framework, ins and outs, layout,
basis: underlay |
umrealm, underlyings |
| contiguous | adj | abutting | - |
| continent | n | mainland | worlddeal (<OE worulddǣl), greatland, landstretch, fastland |
| continue | vb | go on, abide, keep on, keep at, wendg, | ongo
forthgo (NHG fortgehen) forthset (cf. Du. voortzetten) , throughgo (cf. Du. doorgaan), singal (<OE ġesingalian) |
| continuous | adj | unbroken, ongoing |
forthgoing/ forthset simbel (<OE) |
| contort | vb | writhe | - |
| contract | n | bond, deal, settlement | handfast, writdeal |
| contradict | vb | gainsay, withsay, withspeak |
witherspeak (cf. NHG widersprechen), andwitness (cf. Ic. and-vitni), witherqued, anspeak (<OE ġēansprecan) |
| contradiction | n | gainsaying |
withspeech (NHG. Widerspruch) witherquedding (<OE wiðercwedung), anspeech |
| contrary | adv | against | witherward (<OE wiðerweard), witherto, withershins |
| contrast | vb/n | shedspan
v. differ: undershed (calque of many Ger. Speeches) | |
| controversy | n | - | gainwending (lone translation from latin) |
| contribute | vb | pitch in | bypull, bydraw/drag (cf. Du bijdragen ) |
| contribution | n | input, giving | - |
| contrition | n | sorrow, guilt, ruth | - |
| control | n | hands; oversight, running, stewardship; arm, grip, hold, sway, steering | bridling |
| control | vb | bridle, hold, steer, keep, tame; steward | sway |
| conundrum | n | riddle | - |
| conurbation | n | - | towncluster |
| convergence | n | meeting | - |
| conversation | n | talk, mailing | underholding (cf. NHG Unterhaltung) |
| converse | vb | speak, talk | - |
| conversely |
adv/interj |
on the other hand, otherwise | - |
| convert | vb | wend, make over | turn over: bewharve (<OE behwierfan, behweorfan),
turn around: bewend (<OE bewendan), forwandle |
| convey | vb | give, spread; bear, ferry; deed, make over | inway |
| convict | n | lag | haftling (<OE hæftling, cf. NHG Häftling)
overstell |
| convince | vb | wheedle, talk round, talk into | overtalk (<OE oferreccan, cf. NHG. überreden) |
| convoy | n | - | wain row |
| coöperate | vb | work together |
evenwork (<OE efenweorcan) getherwork (<Fr gearwurkje) |
| cop | vb | nab | - |
| cop | n | hound, pig (slang, slightly vulgar) | frith wike (peace officer) |
| cope | vb | deal | - |
| copious | adj | beteeming | - |
| copper | n | - | arr (<OE ar "brass, copper, bronze") |
| copse | n | thicket, shaw | - |
| copy | vb | 1. twin 2. ape |
1. eftyield; andwrite 2. evenledge (<OE efenlæcan) |
| copy & paste | vb | - | twin & tack |
| coral | n/adj | - | limeshaft; yellowpink |
| cord | n | line, rope, string, wire | tew, rib-cloth |
| cord | vb | fasten | - |
| cordial | adj | friendly, hearty, warm | - |
| cords | n | - | manstows |
| corduroy | n | ribbed cloth | rib-cloth, manstow (manchester) |
| core | n | kernel, heart, yolk, innermost being | - |
| cormorant | n | sea raven | coal-goose |
| cornea | n | - | hornweb |
| corner | n | nook, winkle, hirn, edge | - |
| coronation | n | - | kinehelming (<OE cynehelmung) |
| corpor(e)al | adj | bodily | bodisome |
| corporation | n | - | businessbody (BB) |
| corpse | n |
body, dead body |
lich, nee (<OE nēo) |
| corpus | n | body | lichem (<OE lichama, cf. Du. lichaam, NHG. Leichnam) |
| Corpus Christi | n | - | Wistforwandering Day |
| correct | adv/adj | right, aright, befitting | - |
| correct | vb | right, righten, (acad) mark | berighten (NHG. berichtigen) |
| correction | n | righting |
punishment: threal (<OE þrēal) berightening (NHG. berichtigung) |
| correction fluid | n | white out | - |
| corridor | n | hallway | - |
| corroborate | vb | bear out | - |
| corrode | vb | gnaw | forrot (<OE forrotian), begnaw (<OE begnagan) |
| corrugated | adj | - | wrizzled |
| corrupt | adj/vb | crooked, bent, rot | forrot |
| corslet | n | byrnie | - |
| corvée-work | n | - | workreden (<OE weorcræden) pl: workredenne (<OE weorcrædenna) |
| cosmetics | n/vb | fard | - |
| cosmolabe | n | - | tunglehight measurer |
| cosmopolitan | n | - | worldsman |
| cosmopolitan | adj | worldly | - |
| cost | n | outlay, worth | - |
| costly | adj | dear | - |
| Costa Rica | n | - | Rich Shore |
| costume | n | outfit, get-up, fake dress | derning mask |
| Côte d'Ivoire | n | - | Windward Shore |
| cottage | n | cote | sheel |
| cottager | n | - | cotsettle (<OE cotsetla) |
| cotton | n | - | seedwool |
| council | n | gathering, huddle; board, brotherhood, fellowship | redemoot, redebody |
| counsel | n/vb | lead, shepherd | rede
law-ern legal-eagle |
| counsel(l)or | n | alder(wo)man |
rede(wo)man, redegiver, theägher (<OE þeahere/ġeþeahere) |
| count | vb | tell, reckon | arime |
| count | n | earl | - |
| countenance | n | cast | - |
| counter- | prefix | with- | |
| counterbalance | n | offset | - |
| counter-clockwise | adj | withershins | withersunwise |
| counterculture | n | - | witherkithship |
| counterfeit goods | n | - | openware |
| counterpart | n | match | witherdeal
evenbeeld (cf. NHG Ebenbild) beeld (<Scots, Du.) equivalent: gainsteck/ gainshtick (cf. NHG gegenstück) |
| countersign | n | gaintoken/ gaintokening
(cf. NHG. gegenziechnung) | |
| countersign | v | gaintoken (cf. NHG gegenziechnen) | |
| counterstroke | n | - | witherclap |
| country | n | land, weald, upland (rural, as in countryside), kith, fatherland, homeland, motherland | native: ethel (<OE æþel), folkland, erd (<ME) |
| county | n | shire, ethel, earldom, wapentake, erd | reveship |
| county council | n | - | shiremoot |
| coup | vb | strike | - |
| coup de grâce | n | topper | lithing, miltstroke |
| coupling, train/carriage | n | thill | - |
| coupon | n | - | deemslip |
| courage | n | mettle, boldness, fearlessness, heart, heartiness, daring, mood | beld/bield (<OE bieldu) |
| courageous | adj | bold, daring, doughty, fearless, full-hearted, unfrightened, stouthearted | moody (cf. NHG mutig) |
| course | n | line, pathway | - |
| course (academic) | n | - | learnset |
| court |
n/vb |
- |
hove (<OE hof) vb: splunt (<Scots) |
| courteous | adj | fairspoken | hovely |
| courtyard | n | - | hallyard, burgyard (<OE burggeard) |
| cousin | n | kins(wo)man | nearkin, farsibb |
| covenant | n | oath, deal, bond, binding | - |
| cover | n | holster, sheath | heling, helm
thacking taching decking |
| cover | vb | thatch/thack, overlay, hide, deck, overspread | hele (Eng. dialectal), helm |
| covered area | n | deck, roofed deck | heling (ME hillet), helm (<OE helmian) |
| covering | n | skin, feathers, hackles |
heling, overwrigels (<OE oferwrigels) |
| cover with | vb | lay on | - |
| covert | adj | hidden, shrouded, stealthy, under wraps, | heled |
| cover-up | n | whitewash, hush-work | shroudening |
| covet | vb | crave, want, hunger after, thirst after, cast greedy eyes upon | - |
| covetous | adj | greedy, graspy, grabby, hoggish, wanting | - |
| coward | n | wimp, woos, fearer | arg, flytail
feyling (cf. NHG Feigling) |
| cowardly | adj | gutless, thewless, woosy, fearful | fey/fay (<OE fæge, cf. NHG feige) |
| co-worker | n | by-worker, fellow worker, workmate | - |
| cranium | n | skull | head-bowl (OE heafod - bolla) |
| cravat | n | necktie, neckcloth | - |
| crayon | n | - | waxlimestone |
| cream | n | salve, ream, milk's head | - |
| crease | n/vb | wrinkle, rumple, rimple, runkle | - |
| create | vb | build, craft, make, start, shape, put together | ashapen |
| creation | n | brainchild, wrinke; world, rise | shaping, fromship |
| creative | adj | - | shaperly / makerly (calque from german schöpferisch), thoughtrich |
| creature | n | head, thing, wight | nicker (<OE nicor), making |
| credence | n | belief | - |
| credibility | n | - | liefworthiness, beliefworthiness, beliefworthihood (cf. NHG glaubtwürdigkeit) |
| credible | adj | - | liefworthy, beliefworthy (cf. NHG glaubtwürdig) |
| credit | n | hail, acknowledgement | - |
| creed | n | belief | - |
| cremate | vb | bale | - |
| creme de la creme | n | bee's knees, dog's bollocks, best of the best, fat of the land, best | - |
| crepuscular | adj | twilighty | twilightly |
| crepuscule | n | twilight, darkfall, dusk, nightfall, gloaming, evenfall, eventide, sundown | downset |
| crescent | n | moonsickle | - |
| crest | n | ridge, noon, top; high-water mark | ris, comb |
| cretaceous | adj | - | limestonish, limestony |
| cretin | n | blighter; nit | - |
| crevasse | n | cleft | - |
| crevice | n | cleft, gap, hole | - |
| crime | n | lawbreaking; shame, sin; wrongdoing, misdeed |
skyld/shild (<OE scyld), gylt (<OE ġylt) |
| criminal | n | crook, outlaw, lawbreaker |
sinner: gyltend (<OE ġyltend) pl: gyltendas (<OE ġyltendas) |
| crimson | n | - | deepred |
| crisis | n | - | needtime |
| criterion | n | yardstick; hallmark, need | deemrimmer |
| critical | adj | weighty, key, scathing | - |
| criticise | vb |
slag, knock, brand, upbraid |
- |
| criticism | n | - | undersaying, potshot, flak |
| crocodile | n | - | pebbleworm (calque), nix (cf. OHG nihhus), knucker, crushbite athex |
| croissant | n | - | moonbread |
| cross | n | - |
rood Cross, the: Siegebeam (<OE sigebēam, a 'tree 'on which 'victory is 'gained) |
| cross | vb | - | thwarse, stride over |
| crown | n | kine-helm |
top of 'the 'head: overhalfhead (<OE oferhealfhēafod) |
| crown | vb | - | wreathe |
| crucifix | n | - | rood |
| crucify | vb | - | roodfasten |
| crude | adj | rough, raw | - |
| cruel | adj | harsh, mean, ruthless, cold, unfeeling | reethe (<OE réðe), slithen (<OE slīþene) |
| cruelty | n | meanness, harshness, ruthlessness | moanbale (<OE mānbealu), slithenness |
| crusade | n | drive, push | roodfirding |
| cry | n | roop, yell, shout, whine, wail, moan | lide, liding (<OE ge-hlȳd; cf. NHG Lied) |
| cry | vb | weep, shout, wail, yell, howl, sob, roup, cleep, wail | kye / kie (<OE cigan) |
| cryogenic | adj | - | coldly |
| cryotherapy | n | - | coldbehandling |
| crypt | n | - | thesterlock, thestercove, lich-keep |
| cryptocurrency | n | - | scoregeld, bitgeld |
| crystal | n | - | icestone
cristle (<OE cristal; Latin crystallum influenced spelling both with the "y" and with the persistence of the "al" ending) hardice |
| cub | n | - | whelp |
| cube | n | - | worfle (cf. NHG Würfel) |
| cuckoo | n | - | gowk, cuckoo |
| cucumber | n | - | greenpod, earthapple (<OE eorþæppel) |
| cull | vb | choose, pick, pick out, pitch on, pitch upon. sift, winnow, gather, pluck, pickup | - |
| cull | n | pickings, siftings | - |
| cul de sac | n | dead end | - |
| culminate | vb | - | nib |
| cultivate | vb | till, harvest, work, | - |
| culture | n | couth, folklore, way of life | menning (cf. Ic. menning), kithship |
| culvert | n | - | leat, ditch |
| cure | vb | heal | - |
| curiosity | n | witfire | - |
| curious | adj | newyearny, newgreedy (cf. NHG neugierig) | |
| curious | vb | funny | frimdy (<OE frymdig) |
| curlew | n | whaup | - |
| current | adj | today's, now's, nowadays', running, nowen | - |
| current | n | run, drift, leaning, tide, wind, now | - |
| currently | adv | as of yet, now, nowenly | - |
| curriculum | n | - | learnplot |
| curriculum vitae | n | - | smithsyore |
| cursive | adj | handwritten | flow-staved |
| cursor | n | runner | - |
| curtail | vb | cut back, foreshorten, clip, | - |
| curtain | n | - | hanger, hangcloth |
| curve | n | bow, bend, wind, | - |
| custody | n | hold, hands | warding |
| custom | adj | bespoken | thew, folkway |
| custom | n | wone, wont, business, trade | side, toln (<OE) |
| customary | adj | - | wonely |
| cutaneous | adj | skin, hide | hideish, hidely |
| cutaneous disease | n | tetter, scurf, scurvy | - |
| cute | adj | pretty, sweet, lief | goldy (cf. NHG goldig)
needly (cf. NHG niedlich), sooth |
| cutlass | n | backsword | - |
| cutlery | n | flatware, silverware | - |
| cyclist | n | - | wheeler |
| cyclone | n | - | whirlwind |
|
cygnet |
n | swanling | - |
| cylinder | n | - | rollshape |
| cynical | adj | sneering | |
| cynosure | n | - | hoardvat (<OE hordfæt) |
| czar | n | king | - |